现实主义

Thus neorealism is also called structural realism.

因此，新现实主义也被称为结构现实主义。

The fifth part points out that the end of the cold war does not falsify the "hard core" of neorealism and analyzes neorealist explanation for the end of the cold war and international relations after the cold war.

第五部分，指出冷战结束并没有证伪新现实主义的"硬核"，并简要分析了新现实主义对冷战的结束以及后冷战时代国际关系的理论解释。

Applying the standard to the appraisal of neorealism, the thesis concludes that neorealism remains to possess powerful explanatory capability and dominate the development of IR systematic theories.

通过从这两方面评估新现实主义，本文认为新现实主义仍然具有强大的解释力，它仍然支配着国际政治体系理论的发展。

In 5 century B.C., ancient Grecian historian Thucydides had ever described this case . In the early 1950's, American and Britain scholars John Herz and Herbert Butterfield formally put forward this concept. Because of the cold war between America and Soviet, at the same time, realism and neorealism lying in the leading position of international relations theory academia, security dilemma plays eminent role in interstate relations after World War Two.

早在公元前5世纪古希腊历史学家修昔底德就对这一情形有所描述。20世纪50年代初，美英学者赫兹和巴特菲尔德正式提出这一概念，由于美苏两个超级大国爆发冷战、对峙乃至军备竞赛，以及现实主义和新现实主义在国际关系理论界居主导地位，"安全困境"在战后国际关系中发挥着显赫的作用。

The first part mainly introduces the definition, construction and appraisal of scientific theories. The second part analyzes the process of construction of neorealism. The third part, in static perspective, displays falsifiablilty, parsimony and logical coherence of neorealism that is the logical standard with which scientific theories must accord.

第一部分，从科学方法论的角度，总体介绍科学理论的概念、建构和评价；第二部分，解读新现实主义科学理论的建构过程；第三部分，从静态的角度考察新现实主义理论的"可证伪性"、"简约性"和"逻辑一致性"，上述三大特点是科学理论必须具备的逻辑标准。

Although realism, neorealism, idealism, neoliberal institutionalism and world system theory could be refereed sometimes in this study, these IR theories could not proved a systematic framework for studying EUs CTAI.

国际关系理论中的现实主义和新现实主义、理想主义和新自由制度主义以及世界体系理论虽然也为本文的研究提供了一定的借鉴，但都无法确立研究欧盟国际行为能力的系统分析框架。

The nominalist-realist controversy became prominent in the late 11th and 12th centuries, the nominalist position being expounded by the Scholastic Roscelin, and the realist by the Scholastics Bernard of Chartres and William of Champeaux.

在唯名论现实主义的争议成为突出的后期第11和12世纪，唯名论的立场正在阐述Roscelin的学术和现实主义的Scholastics伯纳德的沙特尔和威廉Champeaux 。

Bakhtin points out that the main characteristic of Rabelais writhing is grotesque realism decided by culture of folk humor .

巴赫金认为拉伯雷的创作是一种怪诞的现实主义，其特征是极度的夸张、降格和双重性，而这些特征是源于民间诙谐文化，只有深入了解民间诙谐文化的形式、特征，尤其是它的深层本质，才能对拉伯雷的创作，对怪诞现实主义有更深一层的认识。

They lose themselves in the titillation of language and form; they are infatuated with fragmentary appropriations of the classics; they are infatuated with the emptiness of decline and the passion of desire. As with the Western artists Jan Saudek and Joel-Peter Witkin, 'real-world objects should give up any idea of entering my pictures,' unless they undergo restructuring—by the artist's own taste and proclivities, by an amalgam of memory and fantasy, by a tone of pensive irony, or by seemingly absurd but in fact accurate imagination, thus restructuring the individual's relation to reality. It does not hurt to call these artists' work realism, but it is a kind of 'psychological realism' which 'extracts a deeper level of genuineness from fictive objects.

他们迷恋于语言与形式的快感，迷恋于对文化经典的片断性挪用，迷恋于衰朽的虚无或色欲的激情，与简·索德克、乔·彼得·威金（Joel-Peter Witkin）那样的西方艺术家相似，"现实中的事物永远别想进入画面"，除非是经过了他们的重构——以其个人的趣味与癖好，以混合着追忆与幻想、伤感与反讽的语调，以看似荒诞其实准确的想象力，重构了个人与现实之间的关系，你也不妨将他们的作品称之为现实主义，但那是一种"心理现实主义"——"从虚构的事物之中抽取出更深层的真实。"

Based upon such an expected aim, this thesis, using the form of commentary history of literature, has rather deeply discussed in the 20th century China's realism literature initiating problems situations, its beginning motives and actual development orientation, the problem of multiplication and univalence as one of the inner forming elements, the relationship between literature types and social cognition, problems concerning realism literature and modern China's internal anxiety, by focusing on problems such as"from Liang Qichao to Hu Shi,""Young Mao Dun's Upholding in Literature","Around Modern ","Lu Xun and the New Paradigms in Chinese Literature","Lao She's Style and His Concept about China", and"Hu Feng and Modern China's Subjective Anxiety", etc.

基于此一预期目的，本论文采用史论形式，以问题为中心选择了"从梁启超到胡适"、"青年茅盾的文学主张"、"在《现代》周围"、"鲁迅与中国文学的新范式"、"老舍的文体和他的中国观"及"胡风与现代中国的主体焦虑"等专题，较为深入地探讨了现实主义文学在20世纪中国兴起的问题情境、它的初始动机和实际发展路向、作为其内在构成要素之一的多样性与单一化问题、文学型式与社会认知之间的关系、现实主义文学与现代中国的内在焦虑等问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。