现实主义

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对"法国化"倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

The realist in murder writes of a world in which gangsters can rule nations and almost rule cities, in which hotels and apartment houses and celebrated restaurants are owned by men who made their money out of brothels, in which a screen star can be the fingerman for a mob, and the nice man down the hall is a boss of the numbers racket; a world where a judge with a cellar full of bootleg liquor can send a man to jail for having a pint in his pocket, where the mayor of your town may have condoned murder as an instrument of moneymaking, where no man can walk down a dark street in safety because law and order are things we talk about but refrain from practising; a world where you may witness a hold-up in broad daylight and see who did it, but you will fade quickly back into the crowd rather than tell anyone, because the hold-up men may have friends with long guns, or the police may not like your testimony, and in any case the shyster for the defense will be allowed to abuse and vilify you in open court, before a jury of selected morons, without any but the most perfunctory interference from a political judge.

写谋杀小说的现实主义作家所写的世界中，歹徒可能统治国家，甚至城市。在那里，旅馆公寓、有名的酒楼餐厅的主人是靠开妓院发财的，电影明星可能是盗匪的眼线，大厅里那个彬彬有礼的人可能是彩票老板。在这个世界里，法官藏有一地窖的私酒，却可能因一个人口袋里有一瓶酒而送他进监牢；你家乡的市长可能为了到手钱财而对谋杀案眼开眼闭；入夜之后无人敢在街上行走，因为法律和治安是句空话，从来没有实行过。在这个世界里，你很可能在光天化日之下见到有人沿路拦劫，明明看清楚是谁在作案，但是你马上躲开，混到人群中去，不愿出来告发，因为拦劫的人可能有朋友为他报复，或者警方可能不喜欢你出庭作证，不管怎样，为被告辩护的恶讼师可以在法庭上对你百般侮辱，因为陪审团里都是他们挑选的低能儿。有党派背景的法官除了敷衍一下外不会加以干涉。

In the early period of his literary career, Shaw wrote some novels," an unsocial socialist" and others, in which he developed the traditions of critical realism, bitterly criticizing the stupidity ,snobbishness and petty tyranny of the middle class.

在其文学生涯的初期，肖伯纳写了几部小说，如《业余社会主义者》等。在这些著作里，他发展了批判现实主义的传统，辛辣地批评了中产阶级的愚笨、势力和控制欲。

STRAY CATS is a an odd but in the end endearing mixture of cinematic styles, soap opera drama, tender little comedy, and hefty measures of relationship philosophy: perhaps this is the Filipino brand of magical realism.

迷途的猫是部奇特的影片，但是片中的电影风格，肥皂剧，小喜剧和沉重的恋爱哲学的混合令人喜爱，也是这就是菲律宾独有的神奇现实主义。

As the representative of the novels of critical realism in the New Period in China, Yan Zhen's novel The Water of Canglang gives a vivid description of the hard mental process of the protagonist, Chi Dawei. Chi at first held himself aloof and maintained integrity, but reconciles with reality and transforms from a guardian of traditional Chinese moral ideals to a successful social climber who resorts to every expedient.

作为中国新时期批判现实主义小说的代表作，阎真的长篇小说《沧浪之水》深刻地写出了曾坚守清高与清白的主人公池大为最终与现实达成和解，从一个中国传统道德理想精神的守护者蜕变为一个不择手段"向上爬"的成功人士的艰难的心理历程。

The character that realism concerns about the social reality and life is of the eternal value.

这三位艺术大师对中国20世纪现实主义的美术都有重要的贡献。

People who are found of documentaries occasionally deign to pick themselves up and go to see a fiction filkm, but you will find that their taste leads them to realistic stories, well defined geographiclally, histoirically, sociologically.

那些喜欢记录片的人偶尔也会尝试去看一部小说改编电影，但你会发现他们还是喜欢现实主义的有关地理，历史，社会的故事。

"The Peacock flies southeasterly"(the original topic is "Ancient poetry Minister Wife Does on behalf of the Chinese musical conservatory folk song highest art achievement's lengthy narrative poem for Jiao Zhong"), is in the Chinese history of literature in a realism poetry development peak, Liu, the burnt two people commits suicide together in the name of love the family tragedy which dies to have the altitude extremely the typical significance, their death, always receives people's sympathy and the praise.

代表汉乐府民歌最高艺术成就的长篇叙事诗《孔雀东南飞》（原题为《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》），是中国文学史上现实主义诗歌发展中的一座高峰，刘、焦两人殉情而死的家庭悲剧极具高度的典型意义，他们的死，历来受到人们的同情和赞颂。

He continued to speak out for realism, against romanticism, and against a new enemy- capitalism

他继续作为现实主义的代言人，抨击浪漫主义和一个新的敌人-资本主义。

As a major nineteenth century English novelist, Thomas Hardy occupies an unusual and prominent position in the age of literary transition from realism to modernism His structure of narration illustrating itself in "square dance","coincidence"and symbol of the four seasons in his novels,could be regarded as his great invention, a new writing approach which has enriched the writing style of novel The unusual structure of narration has endowed Hardy 's novels with a special charm and distinguish...

英国 1 9世纪小说家托马斯？哈代生活于小说创作的现实主义和现代主义交界时期，他以独特的创作手法在英国文坛上赢得了一席重要的地位。叙事结构可谓是他的一大独创，为小说创作提供了崭新的创作手法。这种结构具体体现在"方阵舞"的阵型、"巧合"的运用和四季的象征中，赋予了哈代的小说一种独特的魅力，也使他迥异于 1 9世纪英国其他的小说家。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。