现实主义

Charles Dickens was one of the greatest realistic writers of English.

查尔斯·狄更斯是英国19世纪伟大的现实主义作家。

This school, then, sees in a system of checks and balances a universal principle for all pluralist societies.

现实主义学派认为所有的多元社会中的普遍原则是相互制约与平衡的系统。

American Pop was born in the 1960s, with the emergence of international masters like Andy Warhol, James Rosenquist and Roy Lichtenstein. Andy Warhol has had a tremendous influence on the development of Chinese art. Performance art emerged in the 1970s as well as Nam June Paik's video art and Christo and Jeanne-Claude's installation art. Sigmar Polke and Gerhard Richter were among the leaders of the Post Modern movement, which also flourished in the 1970s. Among them, Richter has had the most significant impact on Chinese art. New Expressionism emerged in the United States during the 1980s with artists such as Keith Haring, installation artist Ann Hamilton, and Cindy Sherman whose work is somewhat derived from New Expressionism.

进入50年代又出现了格林伯格画派、形式主义绘画，以及具象复活等等。50年代后期出现了新现实主义画派，以及为心灵而创作的博伊斯。60年代美国波普艺术诞生，出现了安迪·沃霍、罗森奎斯特、利希滕斯坦这样的世界级大师人物，其中安迪·沃霍对中国的影响最大。70年代出现身体艺术、行为艺术、白南准的电子艺术、克里斯托和珍妮—克劳德的包裹艺术，以及以波尔克、里希特、巴尔德萨利的后现代主义，其中里希特在中国影响巨大。80年代出现了美国新表现主义如基斯·哈林，装置如汉密尔顿，以及辛迪·舍曼的挪用。

Classicalism, romanticism and realism drawing style competed one after the other on the art stage of 19~ century.

古典主义、浪漫主义与现实主义绘画风格相继角逐在19世纪的艺术舞台上。

We should recognize that his statement about acting is an important aspect of modern acting theory. Unlike Diderot. Coquelin is a very active and successful professional actor.

但是，他提出的"理想的范本"的观点中主张找寻人物的外在"情感标志"的部分，和现实主义的创作原则都是有积极意义的。

Lecture 5: Courbet, Realism, and Popular Images PDF

讲座5：Courbet，现实主义以及流行影像

In the west, artists have emphasized the role of material in artworks for 150 years from Courbet featured with realism to cubism of collage and then to the minimalism in 1960s in the west. It has never played such an independent role as a medium.

在西方，艺术家对于材料本身表现力的强调已经有近150年的历史了，从现实主义的库尔贝到立体主义的实物拼贴，再到西方60年代的极少主义，作为艺术媒介方式的材料从未有过如此独立的表现力。

In contrast and in spirit with Courbet's oppositional exhibition, The Pavilion of Realism will present challenging art that addresses social problems with "realism" absent in the exhibiting pavilions of the 2010 World Expo.

相反，本次展览将秉承库尔贝的反抗精神，用艺术的方式呈现与"现实主义"有关的社会现实问题，从而弥补了2010年上海世博会在这方面的缺席。

A problem of representation. In the 19th century, Courbet led fine arts to leap beyond representation of the visual forms into representation of social realities. Shortly after, in the field of literature, Lukacs posed a higher requirement for Realism: the duty of art is to give a truthful representation of the real world.

在此之前，关于艺术与现实的关系的思考一直停留在视觉层面，即再现的问题上，而库尔贝使美术从视觉再现意义上的真实走向了社会表征意义上的现实，之后，在文学领域中，卢卡奇对现实主义又提出了更高的要求："艺术的任务是对现实整体进行忠实和真实的描写。"

The impressionism ascends art circles in France in 60-90's in 19 centuries, it has no explicit outline, but it absorbed Corot and Barby painting parties and the Courbet realism nourishment .

印象派在19世纪60至90年代登上法国画坛，它没有明确的纲领，但它吸收了柯罗、巴比松画派以及库尔贝现实主义的营养。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。