现代思想

ZHANG Yue-fen （Tibet nationalities institute, China）: Wittgenstien and M.Foucault's religious semasiology: an annotation to religious linguistics in modern analytical philosophy

张月芬：语言中的神圣意义——维特根斯坦与福柯思想对现代宗教语言哲学的启示

As a literary phenomenon, emerging of the little town novels not only relates to the extensive being of little town in the 20th's China, but also relates to the present situation of the politics, economy, culture and war during the semi-colony and semifeudal societies, as well as to the life experience, thinking perception and art pursuit of modern writers. The little town novels reflect the changeable situation and historical renovation of the modern Chinese societies, and also contain plentiful and distinctive scenes of little town and aesthetic culture.

作为一种文学现象，小城小说的产生，既和小城镇在二十世纪中国社会的广泛而基本的存在有关，也与半殖民地半封建社会的政治、经济、文化、战争等社会现状，以及现代作家的人生经历、思想感悟、艺术追求等相联系。

Therefore, it can be regarded as a great improvement of the investment decision-making theory and methods .This article makes a systematic research on real options theory and method and its application, including the following several main aspects:Firstly, it makes a detailed discussion about the common theoretical basis of financial options and real options, including no-arbitrage equilibrium principle, risk-neutral definition, complete market and dynamic tracking.Secondly, it analyze three basic characteristic of investment decision-making in modern market economic system: irreversibility, uncertainty and flexibility, and from the angle of their mutual quantitative and qualitative interactions, it makes a comparison between the traditional NPV methods and real options methods and makes a summary of the general analytical methods of real options.Thirdly, it discusses the all elements in the application of real options such as the ^leakages in value of real assets, basis risk, and private risk, and furthermore, it attempts to put forth a normalized strategy of its application and construct a basic framework of its application.Fourthly, it applies real options theory to strategetic investment of enterprises and the buy-out of company, putting forth a value model for strategetic investment program and making a concrete analysis of its application to buy-out. Furthermore, it advocates that a flexible investment decision-making system should be setup according to real options theory in our country.

本文对实物期权理论和方法及其应用进行了系统研究，主要内容包括如下几个方面：(1)详细讨论了金融期权和实物期权共同的理论基础，主要包括无套利均衡原理、风险中性定义、完全市场以及动态复制方法，对这些理论方法的探讨既是本文的出发点和基础，它们提供了研究实际应用实物期权的一个基准点，也是贯穿全文的线索和灵魂；(2)分析了现代市场经济体系中投资决策的三个基本特征即不可逆性、不确定性和时机选择，并从它们数量上和质量上相互作用的重要意义的角度，分析了传统的净现值法与实物期权方法的差异，指出了净现值法在不确定环境中存在的缺陷及实物期权处理投资灵活性的价值，并将净现值法纳入实物期权投资分析决策体系当中，总结了企业投资决策实物期权的一般分析方法；(3)探讨了实物期权应用中要考虑的各种要素，如实物资产的价值漏损、基差风险和非市场风险等，并进一步提出了实物期权应用的规范化策略和构建了一个实际应用实物期权方法的基本框架，尝试将期权的基本原理与企业在现实经济环境中投资决策的要素结合起来，从而可以在一定程度上超越期权的复杂的数学计算而汲取期权思想的精华，从而促进期权决策方法在实际投资决策中的应用；(4)将实物期权方法应用于企业战略投资，得出了战略投资项目的价值模型，指出可以将实物期权理论和方法应用于企业并购，分析了应用的具体方面，并提出应根据实物期权理论建立一套适合我国企业的灵活的投资决策系统。

When using the plants making landscape, we must pay attention to the plants" aesthetic feeling of aspect, discovering the modern plants making landscape and methods that it has terrene culture in some degree, and optimize the design methods of plants" aspect.

在利用植物进行造景时，注重挖掘季相赋予植物的美感，在一定程度上对具有地域文化特征的现代植物造景思想和手法进行探索，进一步完善植物季相设计的方法。

The origin of transpersonal psychology in modern psychology can be traced back to William James and Carl Gustav Jung.

它继承了许多古老文化传统特别是东方宗教哲学的遗产，并从现代物理学中吸取营养，以抗拒长期在心理学中占统治地位的还原论，它在心理学中的起源可以追溯到詹姆斯和荣格等人的思想。

And these characters determined that restaruant must work and manage according to modern thoughts of exterprise and deal with unexpectable crisis from outside.

这些性质决定了饭店必须以现代的企业思想进行经营和管理以应付外部突如其来的危机事件。

1Theoretically,based on Marxism and positive methodology and applying heavily theory andmethodologies from modern political science、sociology and Social psychology,it provides a more pro-found analysis on Sun's political thought;2as far as the narrative is concerned,the essay does not setany abstract goal to give a unpositive judgement on Sun's thought but sets the study in the social envi-ronment then and in an enviroment where international political thought kept changing;3the essayalso provides new ideas elsewhere as far as individual issues are concerned.

本文的独特之处在于：一、从理论而言，本文以马克思主义为基本指导，以实证史学为基础，大量运用了现代政治学、社会学、社会心理学等理论与方法，对孙中山的政治思想作了较为深入的分析。二、从论述角度而言，本文并未设定一抽象目标，对孙中山妄加评判，而是把孙中山放在中国当时的社会环境，国际政治思潮变化的环境中进行分析。三、从具体问题而言，本文也有若干新见。

Reagan debased all these ideas and modern American conservatism is still suffering the consequences.

里根摒弃了所有这些思想--现代美国保守主义至今仍在承受由此产生的后果。

Roger Fry is an unusual Artistic theoretician who had obtained remarkable achievements both in art theory and practice in modem England. His artistic criticism thoughts mainly have two sources in esthetics foundation, one is the German classicism esthetician Kant, another one is the Analysis philosopher More.

罗杰·弗莱是现代英国艺术理论和艺术实践兼备，并且在这两个领域都取得卓越成就的艺术理论家，他的艺术批评理论在美学思想上主要有两个源头，一是德国古典主义美学家康德，二是分析哲学家摩尔。

Modern western ethics has long been trapped in a cul de sac of deep crisis.

现代西方伦理已经走入一个思想绝地，面临着日益深刻的危机。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。