现代

In this paper we review historical development of the principle of least action ,pointing out its important rolein modern physics and cosmology.

本文评述了最小作用量原理的历史发展，指出了它在现代物理学、现代宇宙学中的重要地位，探讨了作用量概念的物理意义以及最小作用量原理的哲学意义。

Enterprise is a profit organization, and the starting point and the destination of it is taking profit.

财务管理目标取决于企业的目标，评述当前几种主要的财务管理目标，根据我国现代企业的特点，对财务管理目标进行探讨，提出"资本增值最大化"是我国现代企业财务管理的目标。

Comparing with the programmed instruction, modern educational technology should develop in a diversifying way.

通过现代教育技术与程序教学的比较，现代教育技术应倡导一种多元化的发展趋向，这样才能形成自身的专业特色。

Specially, the author hopes to find whether the financial system development promotes the provincial per capita, the accumulation of provincial savings, the formation of provincial capital, the advancing of productivity, the bettering of industrial structure and the shaping of firms. Finally, according to the result of the empirical study, the author brings forward the Contradiction of Chinese Financial System Development during transition period. To explain the Contradiction, the author puts forward a hypothesis: time consistency and institution coupling of the optimal system arrangements. Within the hypothesis framework, the author analyses and explains the contradiction's essential, and seeks the reason of Chinese financial system development's path formation during transition period. After judging the efficiency of Chinese financial system development prudentially, the author gives his advices on how to drive Chinese financial system to the"Growth-Enhancing Financial System Development"path. The dissertation is divided into five chapters. It consists of as follows: Part I includes foreword and Chapter One"the review of financial development theory and literature". In foreword, the author expounds the fundamental definition and basic theory. In Chapter One, the author first analyses the"finance-growth"nexus in theory, and which constitutes the foundation of the concrete mechanism of finance affecting growth.

首先对金融发展与经济增长的关系在理论上进行了梳理，指出金融发展能够促进经济增长，金融是现代经济增长的"第一推动力"；其次将这种理论关系分解，借助当前本领域的最新研究方法和工具从宏观和微观层面验证转轨时期中国各地区金融发展与经济增长传导机制的效果，即金融体系的发展是否有效地促进了各地区人均产值的增加、储蓄的积累、资本的形成、生产力的提高、产业结构的调整以及企业的成长；最后在实证检验的基础上提出"中国金融发展悖论"，并在"最优制度安排的动态一致性与制度耦合"假说的框架内来分析中国金融发展悖论的真实内涵以及中国金融发展路径形成的原因，审慎评价转轨时期中国金融体系的发展效率，初步探讨了中国金融体系走向"推动经济增长"金融发展道路，指出实现金融对现代经济的"第一推动力"作用所应努力的方向。

Contenporary, by means of traditional moral principles and her own taste, she selectively spread modern western culture such as psychoanalysis, aestheticism and modern psychodrama and introduced them to China in which they were used for reference and applied to drama creation.

同时，她又以传统伦理道德观和自身的好恶，有选择地继承和接受中西文化，将精神分析学说、唯美主义和现代心理剧等现代西方文化介绍、传播到中国并在戏剧创作中借鉴和运用。

However, with the development of modern science and technology, especially with the wide application of psychometrics and computer technique, the limitation of traditional ways appears.

然随着现代科技的发展，尤其是心理测量学和计算机技术的广泛应用，其局限性也日益显现，传统的方法已不能适应现代的鉴别人才需求。

This is, for China and other multiracial countries, very positive and may give some solutions for the future. In the introduction there is an explanation of the reason why I choose this title and also the questions about Switzerland in the field of present research and the meaning of those researches. The first part describes the formation of the community of Switzerland, and there I define the word "community" and the peculiarity of each member of this community, the time the Swiss people take to build this community. The second part describes this formation with more details like geographical problem, language differences, the psychological pugnacity for liberty, the practical art of neutrality and the freedom for religious behavior. Those themes prove the formation of the Swiss community. The third part contains the following topics: the international position of Switzerland and its stability, the balance of economic production, the foundation of the Swiss government and the charm of its feature. For those topics I use the economic, political and cultural angle.

全文分为瑞士多民族社会的形成，在这一部分中重点介绍了民族和民族共同体的界定，瑞士各民族的地理分布及主要特征，瑞士民族共同体形成的历史时间断限，在这一部分中特别提出了民族共同体的概念，为全文的行文打下一个概念基础；在瑞士民族共同体形成的表现部分中，共分为语言和地域差别问题的消弭，崇尚独立自由的心理素质的确立，中立外交政策的奉行，宗教多元化的制衡等几个小的部分，四个部分平衡并立，共同来论证瑞士民族共同体的表现；在瑞士民族共同体诞生的原因中，共分为以下几个部分，有瑞士特殊的国际地位与多民族社会的稳定，平衡发达的经济及其吸引力，多元政治体制的建构和灿烂文化和性格的魅力，也就是从政治、经济和文化三个角度对这个问题进行了阐述；在现代瑞士多民族社会问题部分中，有如下几个部分瑞士的外来人口在瑞士国家的生活状况，外来人口融合中的困难，以及瑞士民族共同体中其他的一些社会问题，主要探讨的是瑞士社会中的外国人的生活状况，以及在融合和同化的过程中的成功经验以及给整个瑞士社会带来的几个突出的社会问题；最后是对现代瑞士多民族社会问题的思考，也就是从和睦性，认同感以及民族平等政策三个角度中进行的分析。

Since the tobacco enterprises mainly deal with the production and business of tobacco,the interal control for tobacco enterprises is concerned with the control of cash flow, sales,inventory,purchas and cost.

随着烟草专卖体制的改革，烟草企业正向管理规范化的现代企业模式推进，内部控制制度作为一种先进的企业内部管理制度，它在现代经济生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

Thisarticle tries to pursue the form factors for Modern architecture through theanalysis of pure what doctrine incline to for Purism expressing come outingdescribing, especially those designing excluding is with the esthetics factor.

"纯粹"在本文被理解为一种精神，通过对美学概念中"纯粹"的分析，以及在这种精神影响下的现代建筑所表现出来的纯粹主义倾向的描述，试图以一种新的视角去探讨"纯粹"这种思想意识对构成现代建筑形式方面的因素的影响。

The bureaucracy has been employed by many modern countries,which was efficient once in industrial times and criticized for the rigidity,big organizations,putridity and inefficiency.

官僚制是现代许多国家所采用的模式，曾在工业时代高效运作，而在现代却因僵化、机构臃肿、滋生腐败、效率低下等倍受批评。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！