环流

The development mechanisms of backflow precipitation are analyzed with the reasonable simulation results. The results show that dynamical frontogenesis plays a very important role in the development of backflow snowstorm. The frontogenetical secondary circulation directly causes the snowstorm.

在回流暴雪形成与发展的过程中，动力锋生机制发挥了重要作用；其产生的锋面次级环流是造成这次暴雪的主要原因；降水过程中，雨雪相态的转变与温度廊线有直接关系，随着降水由雨转为雪，雪水混合比增大迅速且其高度有所降低。

As the application of the intermediate models is concerned, the works applying the intermediate models to investigate the topographic boundary layer, frontogenesis and low-level frontal structures, and the boundary layer jet are summarized in this article. It is mainly focused on the dynamic characteristics of the Ekman layer and its effect on the low-level structure and circulation of the weather systems illustrated by the models. It is shown that the intermediate boundary-layer models have great potential in illustrating the low level structures of the weather and climate systems as they are coupled with the free atmospheric models.

对于这些Ekman边界层近似理论模型的进一步应用问题，主要回顾和总结了利用上述模型探讨地形边界层结构、大气锋生过程、低层锋面结构和环流以及边界层日变化、低空急流形成等动力学问题的研究，并对这些研究所揭示的Ekman层动力学特征及其对自由大气低层运动的影响进行了分析，结果表明，这些Ekman边界层近似模型可以较好地揭示大气边界层动力学特征，在大气边界层动力学及其与自由大气相互作用的研究上具有重要价值。

This doctoral dissertation is composed of several parts: At beginning, the frontal structure, the effects of diabatic heating and orography, the dynamics of frontal circulation and the mesoscale systems associated with front are reviewed. Several problems based on the review are brought forward. First, at present, the semigeostrophic frontogenesis theory is the most appropriate basic framework for the general explanation of the frontogenetic process. However, the comparison between semigeostrophic theory and the observation have revealed some inconsistencies. The newly observational facts increase the inconsistencies.

本博士论文主要由如下几部分组成，首先对锋面结构、地形和非绝热加热对锋的影响、锋生环流及锋面附近中尺度系统动力学问题的历史与现状进行了综述，在此基础上提出需要进行研究的若干问题：(1)、半地转锋生理论直到今天仍是解释锋生过程的最合适的理论框架，但是通过与观测事实比较，人们发现半地转理论不能对许多锋面观测特征给出令人满意的回答，新的观测事实使问题更加突出，这就向人们提出：是什么原因导致半地转理论与实际观测的不符？

Local pest can also carry out fumigation operations or for use as a circulation.

也可对局部虫害进行熏蒸作业或作为环流机使用。

By using the multi-year series of the circulation indices P and C for the closed pressure system on the unit radius spherical surface,three characteristic quantities of annual system centers(around the climatological center C-) are defined.1Average distance r,which is defined as the weighted geometric average distance of the annual system centers C deviating from the climatological center C-(i.e.the center location anomaly C′),is a measurement for distribution area of the system...

用单位半径球面上闭合气压系统环流指数P、C的多年序列，构造了历年系统中心在C-周围分布的3个特征量：1平均距离r，它定义为历年系统中心C偏离于气候中心C-的权重几何平均距离，是系统中心分布区域大小的度量；2压缩系数μ，它描述了历年系统中心分布区域偏离于圆形的程度，是历年系统中心位置分布各向异性的度量；3极大异常方向β，它用系统中心极大异常偏离-C处正东方向的角度，给出了系统中心的主要异常方向。

The temporal and spatial distribution and evolution of the SCS warm pool is investigated using the water temperatures at a depth of 20 m in the sea. The formation of the warm pool is discussed by combining water temperatures with geostrophic currents and simulated oceanic circulation.

本文主要采用南海20 m层的水温分布资料，讨论了南海暖池的时空演变特征，并结合地转流和海洋环流数值模拟的结果探讨了暖池的形成机制。

Finally, the fermentation performence of glutamic acid in the jet loop reactor is numerically studied.

最后，研究了下喷喷射环流生物反应器内谷氨酸发酵过程的性能。

The results show that wind divergence that is corresponding to the rain area forms at the windward side. After horizontal flow gets over the windward side, vertical circulation flow of climbing-ascending-descending form above the mountaintop. The ice crystal locates in the upper level, and below it there is snow and graupel, the cloud water and rain water is in the low level of the cloud.

此次暴雨过程的动力场、云和降水微物理过程的主要特征是：水平气流在迎风坡附近形成风场辐合，雨区与辐合区位置基本一致，垂直方向上出现明显的气流爬升—上升—下沉的中尺度环流。

This led to the shutting down of the Gulf Stream ocean circulation pattern that brings warmth to Europe.

这使得给欧洲带来暖流的墨西哥湾暖流海洋环流模式关闭了。

When do we gyre, when do we gimble?

当我们环流，我们什么时候盖博？

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。