玉器

Secondly, the Raman spectra of five familiar jades including nephrite, Xiuyan Jade, Dushan Jade (mainly composed of anorthite and Zoisite), turquoise and lapis lazuli were summarized respectively.

然后分别通过对浙江良渚遗址和河南安阳殷墟遗址出土的4件中国古代玉器与新疆和田地区出产的软玉样品进行对比研究，成功地利用激光拉曼光谱技术对一批中国古代玉器进行了无损鉴定，从而阐明该项技术在中国古代玉器结构测试和材质鉴定中是一种很好的无损分析研究方法。

This kind of social usage has certain influence to the jade carving craft's development, this is the baldric jade carving simple, the miniaturization, as well as the knife sword, the leather strap use the jade carving comes out.

这种社会习俗对玉器工艺的发展有一定影响，这就是佩饰玉器的简便化、小型化，以及刀剑、革带用的玉器问世。

From the mill jade carving to the fine jade carving work, the jade carving develops along with society's development, the jade culture along with it richer --- Neolithic Age's Yulong, the jade, Shangzhou's jade knife, the jade spear, Spring and Autumn Period's sword decoration, the belt hook, Han Dynasty's auspicious beast, Tang Song flower-and-bird sends the hairpin, and the Yuan Ming and Qing Dynasties' big-ticket item jade carving, specially the Qing Dynasty, carved art to be possible saying that has achieved the Chinese jade carving history mountain peak.

从碾磨的玉器到精美的玉雕作品，玉器随社会的发展而发展，玉的文化随之更加丰富---新石器时代的玉龙、玉璧，商周的玉刀、玉戈，春秋的剑饰、带钩，汉代的瑞兽，唐宋的花鸟发簪，及元明清的大件玉雕，特别是清代，雕琢艺术可以说达到了中国玉雕史的巅峰。

Thus a new shape category of jade ware gradually derived from the former ones, imitated jade ware of ancient bronze style.

因此， 一个新的形状类玉器逐步来自前的，仿制的古代玉器青铜风格。

Jade ware is carved jade object with a variety of emblazonry displaying obvious characteristics of the times.

玉器是指用玉石雕刻成的器物。玉器上的纹饰丰富多样，具有明显的时代特征。

I think the identification of jade, can not rigidly adhere to a particular geographical feature, it should be put hundreds of thousands of jade in the ground naturally formed study to understand the various features to identify them would be handy, it will not miss any of a baby.

我觉得，鉴定玉器，绝不能拘泥于某一个地域的特征，应该把玉器在地下几百上千年自然形成的各种特征研究明白，鉴定起来就会得心应手，也不会漏掉任何一件宝贝。

Because of the preciousness and irreparability, the ancient jade would have permanent damage if incautiously treated. Therefore, in order to effectively protect the precious cultural heritage, it was crucial to judge the physical and chemical properties of those artifacts, and accordingly choose suitable conservation conditions.

由于古玉器的珍贵性和不可还原性，稍有不慎就会对古玉器产生永久的破坏，因此，为了有效保护这些珍贵的文化遗产，首先应正确判断出土文物的物理化学性状，然后再有针对性地选择适宜的保护条件。

Qijia culture in and around the distribution of jade has a lot of production in order to Qilian Mountains, Altun Mountains, the Kunlun Mountains and other mountain jade jade materials accounted for the Qijia culture of the vast majority of jade, which is Qijia jade culture an objective conditions prevailing.

在齐家文化分布范围及其周围就有不少产玉矿点，以祁连山、阿尔金山、昆仑山等山系的玉石为料的玉器占齐家文化玉器的绝大多数，这是齐家文化玉器盛行的一个客观条件。

Recently, the new found of archaeologic ingredients shows, the worship of jade tradition in ancient China is related to the archaeology culture of xiliaohe river area, the jade ornament of Hongshan culture, as well as xinglongwa culture, is the product of social religion life at that time, this paper will talk about the inner relationship between the jade ornaments of xinglongwa culture, hongshan cultrue in xiliaohe river area and China Etiquette Civilization.

近年来的考古新发现材料表明，中国古代源远流长的尚玉传统，追根溯源，与史前东北地区西辽河流域的考古学文化密切相关，红山文化的玉器，与兴隆洼文化玉器一样，都是当时社会政教礼仪生活的产物，史前西辽河地区兴隆洼文化和红山文化玉器群与中华礼制文明的内在关系问题值得关注。

This thesis devided to three prats. The first part remains includes chapter 1~3, decribes the backgrounds, the definition of Jade, and the artefacts of the Pin-lin site.

本文分为三个部份：前三章为背景的介绍，包含相关文献的研究回顾，整理全省的史前玉器相关资料试图定义「玉器」；第三章分类描述该遗址所采集的各式遗物及相关结构；此外有对玉器矿物的研究显示：「石之美者谓之玉」的定义并不适用於台湾。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。