独立存在的

In a detailed historical narrative, we explain the process bringing China from the multi-principal governing model to the single-principal governing model in the Qin and Han dynasties. The bureaucratization of traders and the extinction of paladins were the main causes for this transformation.

在此基础上，通过对秦汉之际多委托人治理结构向单一委托人治理结构转变的各项特征事实的分析和模型推演，本文厘清了中国何以走上并锁定在以安全为导向的单一委托人治理形态的初始条件，认为商人的官僚化将社会资源控制力从非主流治理集团牢牢吸纳并控制在主流治理者集团之内，此举消除了各类游侠生存发展的经济基础，对游侠的打击削弱了非主流治理集团的暴力依凭，汉朝以降各大一统时代均不能形成长期独立于政权之外的有规模暴力，是新的治理竞争者不能长期存在从而打破单一委托人治理形态的重要原因。

Typical accident-causing" theories includes Heinrich" s Domino" s theory, its development by Bird, Adams and other people, progress of which is that it is deficiencies of management system that are the root cause in accident causation sequence. This is author" s idea resource and main method to produce the water traffic accident-causing theory . in addition, uncontrolled transferring of energy theory, applies widely in safety management scheme for water traffic; human error accident model can be used to analyze causes of collision accident and to take preventive measures; perturbation theory and multilinear event sequencing method is a very useful investigation method to water traffic accidents. All of these theories have contributed to the development of water traffic accident-causing theory. As to orbit intersecting theory, the paper thinks it extension of Domino s theory, although it exists independently.

有代表性的事故致因理论有海因里希因果连锁理论以及博德、亚当斯等人对该理论的发展，这些发展的主要进步是突出了管理缺陷是事故因果连锁中的基本原因，是本文分析和发展水上交通事故致因理论的主要思想来源和方法论；能量意外转移理论，广泛的应用在水上交通安全的各项具体管理制度中；人失误事故模型能用于指导对碰撞事故的原因分析和预防；动态变化理论及多线性事件连锁论对指导事故调查是较好的分析方法；轨迹交叉理论虽然以独立的理论形式存在，但本文认为其实质仍然是因果连锁理论的发展。

"Logicists supposed that abstract mathematical objects can be entirely developed starting from basic ideas of sets and rational, or logical, thought; a variant of logicism, known as mathematical Platonism, views these objects as existing external to and independent of an observer"

逻辑主义认为抽象的数学对象全部可以从基本的几组想法以及合理的或逻辑的思想发展出来，称为数学的柏拉图主义的一个变型把这些对象看作是观察者之外的、独立的存在

"Logicists suppose d that abstract mathematical objects can be entirely developed starting from basic ideas of sets and rational, or logical, thought; a variant of logicism, known as mathematical Platonism, views these objects as existing external to and independent of an observer"

逻辑主义认为抽象的数学对象全部可以从基本的几组想法以及合理的或逻辑的思想发展出来，称为数学的柏拉图主义的一个变型把这些对象看作是观察者之外的、独立的存在

From this point of view,it ispointed out that there are two kinds of commonalities among diverse prob-lems,one is the relative commonality and the other is the homogenous co-mmonality,and it is advanced that the approach to effectively make useof the relative commonality is to divide models suitably and to set up theorganic relation between models convenient to their composite conection oncondition that models are shared,and the approach to effectively make useof the homogenous commonality is from the view point of different problemsneeding their special models for solving,to convert their special modelrepresentation to comparatively general model depth representation on theprinciple of independence and share of commonality.The articles in thepast has made deep and complete research on model management in aspectssuch as model division and compositive conection,and a number of theoriesand methods are provided,but none of them is in relation to model depthrepresentation.

从这一角度出发，作者指出，在多样性问题中存在两种共性，一种是问题相关共性，另一种是问题同构共性，并提出有效利用问题相关共性的方法是在实现模型共享的前提下对模型进行合理划分和建立便于模型复合联接的各模型之间的有机联系，而有效利用问题同构共性的方法则是从不同问题求解本质上需要的专用模型出发，根据独立与共享原理，将这些专用模型表示转化成较为通用的模型深层表示，以往的文献在模型划分、复合联接等诸方面对模型管理进行了较为深入全面的研究，并从这一角度提出了许多模型表示的理论和方法，但对模型深层表示方面尚没有涉足。

This opaqueness makes it more difficult for equity and debt holders to exert corporate governance of banks and it can weaken competitive forces in the product market and the market for corporate control.

除了银行的不透明之外，政府力量在银行部门的存在对于各种公司治理机制有着深刻的影响：存款保险制度或隐性的政府担保降低了债权人监督银行的激励；对银行业的规制和监管限制了银行业的竞争和并购行为：而政府成为银行的所有者则使政府不再是一个独立的监督者，并且极大地削弱了私人部门对银行进行监督的激励，也极大地抑制了银行业的竞争。

The letter of credit already became one of international trade most important payment ways, promoted the international trade smoothly to carry on, but the letter of credit independence principle of abstraction as well as correlation legislation being short of, enabled in the letter of credit use process to have each kind of risk, soft provision question then was model one kind.

求论文摘要的英文翻译，感激涕零论文中文摘要的翻译实在举步维艰，十分感谢各位好心人帮忙！！信用证已经成为国际贸易最重要的支付方式之一，促进了国际贸易的顺利进行，但是信用证的独立抽象原则以及相关立法的欠缺，使得信用证使用过程中存在各种风险，其中软条款问题便是其中典型的一种。

In the first part, we will first deal with the strong Bonnesen-style inequality (2.1.3) for closed convex curves in the plane (the numbers of formulae and references are those of them in the context below). Bonnesen had first proved the weaker inequality (2.1.2) in [12] and several years later, he outlined in his monograph [13] various Bonnesen-style inequalities including (2.1.3), he considered, however,(2.1.3) as a direct consequence of Kritikos theorem for convex bodies in higher dimensional Euclidean spaces,. Here, we will give an independent proof of the existence for inequality (2.1.3), and by the way, give an estimate on the width of the bi-enclosing annulus of closed convex curves in the plane.

具体地讲，在第一部分中，首先讨论平面上闭凸曲线的强Bonnesen型不等式(2.1.3)(公式的编号和参考文献的编号引自后面的正文)，Bonnesen在文[12]中先证明了较弱的不等式(2.1.2)，几年以后，在他的著作[13]中，讨论了多种Bonnesen型不等式，其中包括不等式(2.1.3)，不过，他把(2.1.3)作为高维欧氏空间中凸体的Kritikos定理的直接推论，我们这里对不等式(2.1.3)给出独立的存在性证明，并且还对平面闭凸曲线的bi-enclosing环的宽度给出了一个估计。

In the first part, we will first deal with the strong Bonnesen-style inequality (2.1.3) for closed convex curves in the plane (the numbers of formulae and references are those of them in the context below). Bonnesen had first proved the weaker inequality (2.1.2) in [12] and several years later, he outlined in his monograph [13] various Bonnesen-style inequalities including (2.1.3), he considered, however,(2.1.3) as a direct consequence of Kritikos\' theorem for convex bodies in higher dimensional Euclidean spaces,.

具体地讲，在第一部分中，首先讨论平面上闭凸曲线的强Bonnesen型不等式(2.1.3)(公式的编号和参考文献的编号引自后面的正文)，Bonnesen在文[12]中先证明了较弱的不等式(2.1.2)，几年以后，在他的著作[13]中，讨论了多种Bonnesen型不等式，其中包括不等式(2.1.3)，不过，他把(2.1.3)作为高维欧氏空间中凸体的Kritikos定理的直接推论，我们这里对不等式(2.1.3)给出独立的存在性证明，并且还对平面闭凸曲线的bi-enclosing环的宽度给出了一个估计。

It is a new attempt to study the development venation and style of the conflict theory from the angle of western political thinking theory .

从西方政治思想史的角度研究冲突理论的发展脉络及其模式是一种新的尝试，虽然社会学理论也曾试图对冲突理论进行历史性考察，但其理论根源通常是止于马克思，尽管存在对柏拉图等人的研究，但对他们的冲突理论的研究缺乏系统的归纳和整理，使他们的冲突理论依然没能独立出来，而且对他们之间的历史联系也未曾给予必要的关注。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。