犯罪的

In order to effectively prevent from and strike down crimes, Chinese criminology research in the 21st century should make efforts in the following ways: further strengthening the research on basic theories of criminology so as to supply the decision-making body with the high quality research accomplishments; deepening the monographic study on the problems of crime so as to serve the practice of fighting against crime; improving the approach to research on criminological theories so as to enhanc...

为了更加有效地预防和打击犯罪，2 1世纪的中国犯罪学研究应当做到：进一步加强犯罪问题基础理论研究，为决策层提供高质量的科研成果；深入开展有关犯罪问题的专题研究，为与犯罪作斗争的实践服务；改进犯罪学理论研究的方法，提高犯罪学理论研究的深度与实用性。

The Interpretation also lists seven circumstances under which the defendants may be deemed to "cover up or conceal the source and nature of Illegal Gains through other means", which include:(1) aiding and abetting in the Transfer of Illegal Gains through pledge, rent, sale/purchase and investment;(2) aiding and abetting in the Transfer of Illegal Gains by way of commingling with the income of cash-intensive businesses including shops, hotels and entertainment venues;(3) aiding and abetting in converting Illegal Gains into "lawful" assets through fictitious transactions, debts and credits, guarantee and incomes;(4) aiding and abetting in converting Illegal Gains by way of purchasing sweepstake and lottery tickets;(5) aiding and abetting in converting Illegal Gains into gambling proceeds through gambling;(6) aiding and abetting in carrying, transporting or mailing Illegal Gains overseas; and (7) aiding and abetting in the Transfer of Illegal Gains through means other than those set out above.

解释》还列举了将被认定为〝以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益的来源和性质〞的七种洗钱情形，包括：（1）通过典当、租赁、买卖、投资等方式，协助转移、转换犯罪所得及其收益的；（2）通过与商场、饭店、娱乐场所等现金密集型场所的经营收入相混合的方式，协助转移、转换犯罪所得及其收益的；（3）通过虚构交易、虚设债权债务、虚假担保、虚报收入等方式，协助将犯罪所得及其收益转换为〝合法〞财物的；（4）通过买卖彩票、奖券等方式，协助转换犯罪所得及其收益的；（5）通过赌博方式，协助将犯罪所得及其收益转换为赌博收益的；（6）协助将犯罪所得及其收益携带、运输或者邮寄出入境的；（7）通过前述规定以外的方式协助转移、转换犯罪所得及其收益的。

Several regulations are provided in Taiwan to be against those crimes, such as "The Law of Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act","The Money Laundering Control Act.","Communications Surveillance Act". But in fact, these regulations are not as appropriate as they supposed to be. Accordingly, the aim of this dissertation is to review these regulations and provide some suggestions for emending these regulations in Taiwan with comparative studies preferring the related regulations of United State and Japan.

我国对於组织犯罪活动的防制已订有组织犯罪防制条例、洗钱防制法、通讯保障及监察法等相关规定，惟相关法制的运作仍有诸多不甚妥适之处，因此，本论文拟仅就我国现行法制下抗制组织犯罪所采行之通讯监察、洗钱防制与扩大没收等制度，进行一系列之回顾与检讨，此外，本论文亦将参酌美、日诸国抗制组织犯罪之相关法制经验进行比较研究，并藉此提出相关法制修正建议，以期强化我国抗制经济型组织犯罪之成效。

The money laundering cover crime obtained illegal nature, commissioner the law institution traces the crime with difficulty, also provides further economy for the criminal activity to support, causes the crime to be getting more and more rampant; The money laundering activities also harm the national finance order, then affects the market economy system, causes the significant harm to the state economy development; Launders money rampant creates the social convention bad, causes the embezzlement and corruption to run amuck, then influence national politics order.

洗钱掩盖犯罪所得的非法性质，使司法机关难以追查犯罪，又为犯罪活动提供进一步经济支持，使得犯罪越来越猖獗；洗钱活动还危害国家金融秩序，进而影响市场经济体系，对国家经济发展造成重大危害；洗钱猖獗又造成社会风气不良，导致贪污腐败横行，进而影响国家政治秩序。

As a process of the transformation of the concept of crime, it has developed from suprematism to relativism, from scientism to humanism, from conservatism to libe- rali...

当代中国犯罪观转变的基本脉络表现为：由绝对主义犯罪观向价值中立犯罪观转变、由科学主义犯罪观向人本主义犯罪观转变、由保守主义犯罪观向自由主义犯罪观转变、由结构主义犯罪观向过程主义犯罪观转变、由国家控制的犯罪观向社会控制的犯罪观转变。

At the end of the thesis,practically and realisticallysummarizing the studies concerning this topic,the author believes to put forward thenew viewpoints in following aspects,i.e.the"theory of three-phase"for thedevelopment of victimology;the trends of the worldwide development of the redress ofthe victims'rights;the new method to protect the victims,which balances theprotection between the victims and inflictors to resume the victims'rights by setting upthe protective measures such as the national relief and social supporting system for thevictims,which rarely connects with their rights and interests directly;the necessity ofthe redress of the victims'rights in 6 aspects;the deficiencies on the issue of theredress of the victims'rights in the aspects of academic research and legislation;theelementary reflects on the constitutional foundation for the protection of the victims;the two-side analysis on the regulations for the protection of victims in new penal law;the suggestion to establish the system for investigation,statistics and proclamation ofvictimization;the design to consummate the rights and redress of the victims inappealing procedures;the assumption to establish the social supporting system of thevictims in China,and soon.

在论文的最后，实事求是地总结了自己关于本课题的研究，认为在以下若干方面提出了个人的新见解。提出了我国被害人学发展的"三阶段说"；提出了世界范围内犯罪被害人权利救济的发展趋势；提出了通过建立对犯罪被害人的国家补偿制度和社会支援体系这样的与加害人权益不大发生直接联系的犯罪被害人保护措施，来实现犯罪被害人的被害恢复，以求得加害人与被害人权利保护平衡的犯罪被害人权利保护方式的新思路；从六个方面提出了我国犯罪被害人权利救济的必要性；从理论研究和立法两个方面指出了我国在犯罪被害人权利救济问题上的欠缺点，其中对我国犯罪被害人的理论研究作了反思，对犯罪被害人保护的宪法依据作了初步的探讨，对新刑事诉讼法关于犯罪被害人的保护的规定作了一分为二的分析；提出了建立我国的犯罪被害调查、统计和公告制度的建议；提出了为了防止被害人的第二次被害，而完善犯罪被害人在诉讼程序中的权利与救济的方案；提出了构建我国犯罪被害人社会支援体系的设想。等等。

Negligent coprincipal and intentional joint crime both belong to joint crime category and thus should be integrated into unified joint crime legislative pattern. But intentional joint crime is fundamental in reality, while negligent coprincipal is exceptional in certain extent. Furthermore, the existing joint crime legislation is established on the basis of intentional crime as its core. And the concept、constitution categorization and the assumption of criminal liability are different.

过失共同正犯与故意共同犯罪都是共同犯罪，应该包括在统一的共同犯罪立法模式下，但是，由于共同故意犯罪在现实生活中居于基础性地位，过失共同正犯具有例外性，现行共同犯罪立法也是以故意犯罪为核心建构的，而且两者在概念、成立条件、类型划分以及刑事责任的承担上，都存在一定差别，因此我国的共同犯罪立法应该采用过失共同正犯与故意共同犯罪二元一体的立法模式。

We think , as to common criminal offence, on one hand, it is not the simple summation of each accomplice's behavior, but is the whole which is shown as the organic connection of each accomplice's behavior, can't think accomplice a certain so long as passivism stop crime can make oneself break away from complicity and establish crime discontinue among them; On the other hand, though the common criminal offence is the whole of an organic connection, it is but such and organic last behavior per accomplice each other at complicity connection with, interdepend, relation not complement each other, if a certain accomplice stops the crime for the intention that is discontinued , and prevent other accomplices from utilizing its previous behavior to continue implementing the crime effectively, break this kind of relation or dispel undoubtedly , prevent from accomplice this behavior is it lead to the fact danger to the society to continue before too, so, among them stop the behavior to be regarded as the crime and discontinued .

我们认为，对于共同犯罪行为而言，一方面，它并不是各个共犯行为的简单相加，而是表现为各个共犯行为有机联系的整体，因此不能认为其中某个共犯只要消极停止犯罪就可使自己脱离共同犯罪而成立犯罪中止；另一方面，尽管共同犯罪行为是一个有机联系的整体，但这种有机联系在共同犯罪内部则表现为各个共犯行为的互相利用、互相依赖、相辅相成的关系，如果某个共犯出于中止的意图停止犯罪，并有效地阻止其他共犯利用其先前的行为继续实施犯罪，则无疑使这种关系中断或消除，也就避免了该共犯的先前行为继续对社会造成危害，因此，其中止行为应视为犯罪中止。

When I had consider'd this a little, it follow'd necessarily, that I was certainly in the Wrong in it, that these People were not Murtherers in the Sense that I had before condemn'd them, in my Thoughts; any more than those Christians were Murtherers, who often put to Death the Prisoners taken in Battle; or more frequently, upon many Occasions, put whole Troops of Men to the Sword, without giving Quarter, though they threw down their Arms and submitted.

于是，我对自己的计划也改变了看法，并开始冷静地考虑我自己的行动。我想：这么多世纪以来，上天都容许这些人不断互相残杀而不惩罚他们，那我有什么权力和责任擅自将他们判罪处死，代替上天执行对他们的判决呢？这些人对我又究竟犯了什么滔天大罪呢？我又有什么权力参与他们的自相残杀呢？我经常同自己进行辩论：&我怎么知道上帝对于这件公案是怎样判断的呢？毫无疑问，这些人并不知道他们互相吞食是犯罪行为；他们那样做并不违反他们的良心，因而他们也不会受到良心的谴责。他们并不知道食人是违背天理的罪行而故意去犯罪，就像我们大多数人犯罪时一样。他们并不认为杀死战俘是犯罪行为，正如我们并不认为杀牛是犯罪行为；他们也不认为吃人肉是犯罪行为，正如我们并不认为吃羊肉是犯罪行为。&我稍稍从这方面考虑了一下，就觉得自己不对了。我感到他们并不是我过去心目中所谴责的杀人犯。有些基督徒在战斗中常常把战俘处死，甚至在敌人已经丢下武器投降后，还把成队成队的敌人毫无人道地杀个精光。从这方面来看，那些土人与战斗中残杀俘虏的基督徒岂不一样！

Secondly we study legislation and regulations of computer crime among the rest of the world and our country.

笔者重点对计算机犯罪立法方面的计算机犯罪罪名、计算机犯罪主体、计算机犯罪刑事处罚三个问题进行了评述，提出了完善建议。

It was Napoleon, the immense somnambulist of this dream which had crumbled, essaying once more to advance.

那人便是拿破仑，梦游中的巨人，他还想往前走，去追寻那崩塌了的幻境。

This method alleviates the highly dependent on domain knowledge experts. The quality and efficiency of the KBS were improved.

使用这种设计方法减小了对领域知识专家的严重依赖，提高了知识系统开发的质量和效率。