犯罪的

Over the past decade, China scholars on the topic of organized crime more research, in the same period and other countries or regions of organized crime carried out a series of comparison. However, for the definition of organized crime still have differences of the characteristics of organized crime-related research is not very good, to the development of organized crime continues to actively explore. From the economic and social interests level policy perspective, the study of organized crime has not gone far enough. This article is from several areas to conduct in-depth research, to seek to organized crime control strategies contribution to the progress of a force.

近十年来，我国学者对有组织犯罪的专题研究较多，对同一时期与其他国家或地区的有组织犯罪问题进行了一系列的比较，但是对有组织犯罪的定义仍存有分歧，对有组织犯罪特性的有关研究并不十分充分，对有组织犯罪的发展趋势仍在积极探索，从经济利益层面和社会政策层面探讨有组织犯罪的研究仍未足够深入，本文试从这几个方面进行深入的研究，以寻求对有组织犯罪防治对策研究的进展贡献一份力量。

In calculated crime of joint crime, the paper discusses on the relationship between collusion without perpetration and calculated crime and points out that the person who only colludes but does not perpetrate belongs to co-offender and usually not belongs to co-principal offender. But we shall not always cognize these offenders to be calculated criminal ,we shall analyze their criminal formations combining the concrete situation .

在共同犯罪预备状态中，笔者讨论了共谋而未实行与共同犯罪预备状态的关系，认为共谋而未实行者属于共同犯罪人，且一般不属于共同犯罪的正犯，但不能简单地以行为人所实行的共谋行为属于犯罪预备行为而一概认定其处于犯罪预备状态，而应结合具体情况具体分析。

From chapter II to Chapter V, the writer respectively introduces Xi Han Dynasty's political crimes, the feudal official's crimes during their posts, the property crimes and injuring crimes. The writer fully analyses the net system's structures and the practice of measures of the preventing and punishing the crimes, in order to explain that the guiding ideology of Xi Han Dynasty's preventing chiefly and controlling the crimes comprehensively made the most of positive influence to relax the social contradictories and decrease the massive and general crimes. From this, it could reflect ripely governing experience of Xi Han's Governors.

第二至第五章分别介绍了当时政治性犯罪、官吏职务犯罪、财产犯罪、人身犯罪的简单概况，全面剖析了西汉预防与惩治犯罪的网络系统的建构及各项措施的推行，说明预防为主、标本兼治，整体布局、综合为治的指导思想在西汉时期发挥了积极的影响，为缓解社会矛盾的激化，减少大规模、普遍性的犯罪发生，起了有利的推动作用，体现了统治经验的成熟。

From chapter II to Chapter V, the writer respectively introduces Xi Han Dynasty"s political crimes, the feudal official"s crimes during their posts, the property crimes and injuring crimes. The writer fully analyses the net system"s structures and the practice of measures of the preventing and punishing the crimes, in order to explain that the guiding ideology of Xi Han Dynasty"s preventing chiefly and controlling the crimes comprehensively made the most of positive influence to relax the social contradictories and decrease the massive and general crimes. From this, it could reflect ripely governing experience of Xi Hans Governors.

第二至第五章分别介绍了当时政治性犯罪、官吏职务犯罪、财产犯罪、人身犯罪的简单概况，全面剖析了西汉预防与惩治犯罪的网络系统的建构及各项措施的推行，说明预防为主、标本兼治，整体布局、综合为治的指导思想在西汉时期发挥了积极的影响，为缓解社会矛盾的激化，减少大规模、普遍性的犯罪发生，起了有利的推动作用，体现了统治经验的成熟。

This thesis study from the legislative evolution of our countries" death penalty application and the criminal punishment of bribery and corruption that our country"s Taiwan, think that the application of death penalty of our country"s bribery and corruption crime violate the principle of suiting punishment to crime, principle of equity have a deterrent effect to corruption, it is difficult to achieve the aim of criminal punishment totally not accord with the voice of the people of our country and legislative trend of death penalty development of international community. It is a request based on China"s current death policy to abolish death penalty application, the ear of protecting human rights the base of allow capital punishment "equitably" and on the base of ensuring international criminal judicial cooperation, and put forward the method of abolish the capital punishment suability, which should be break though

本论文从研究我国贪污贿赂犯罪死刑适用的立法沿革及国外和我国台湾地区对贪污贿赂犯罪的刑罚规定着手，认为我国贪污贿赂犯罪的死刑适用违反了罪责刑相适应原则和人人平等原则、对反腐无有效的威慑力，难以达到刑罚的目的、不完全符合我国民众的呼声及国际社会死刑发展的立法趋势，废除其死刑适用是基于中国现行死刑政策的要求、基于保障人权的时代需要、基于合理配置死刑的需要及基于国际刑事司法合作的需要，并提出了废止贪污贿赂犯罪的死刑适用的途径宜从民意、政治、法律、经济等四个方面同时进行突破，然后在此基础上笔者提出与上述问题相适应的完善贪污贿赂犯罪刑事立法与加强司法的构想，主张在立法上增设罚金刑、完善资格刑的内容、加重自由刑的适用、提高数额特别巨大的认定标准及调整量刑幅度等；在司法上坚持刑罚的必然性和及时性、提高对贪污贿赂犯罪的追究率、加大对贪污贿赂犯罪财产刑的处罚等。

And then this chapter proceeds to explore the cause of forming white-collar crime, emphasizes the theories of western white-collar crime including the Differential Association Theory, the Social Anomie Theory, the Subcultural Theory, the Theory of Citical Crime, A General Theory of Crime and takes advantage of their research findings to analyze the causes of Chinese white-collar crime in the social, individual and legal spheres according to the situation of our country on the stage.

进而深入探寻造成白领犯罪的成因，重点介绍了差异交往理论、社会反常理论、亚文化理论、批判犯罪理论、一般性犯罪理论等西方关于白领犯罪的成因理论，并借鉴其研究成果，根据我国现阶段情况从社会层面、个人层面、法律层面上对白领犯罪成因进行了剖析。

The author deviled the organizing offender into the type of being on the spot and behind the scenes, inside the bloe and outside the bloe, organizing and unorganizing according to whether the person to be on the criminal scene while crime to be committed.

现场的组织犯是犯罪的现场组织者，幕后的组织者已是犯罪的幕后组织者。犯罪集团的组织犯包括一般犯罪集团中的组织犯和黑社会组织中的组织犯。非集团中的组织犯包括犯罪团伙中的组织犯和二人特殊共犯中的组织犯。全部责任的组织犯对共犯者的犯罪承担全部责任，部分责任组织犯对共犯者的犯罪承担部分责任。

Chapter 2 passes the analytical medical treatment crime of composing important item, the corpus, a body, subjective important item and objective important items of the analytical medical treatment crime, announce to public the appearance of the medical treatment crime, and constituted some problems with a little bit difficult theories of the important item to do the further research to the medical treatment crime, including a body that medical treatment faultily commit crime in a specific way, illegal the penal code of the law characteristic and medical treatment mistake that practise medicine the criminal corpus, the medical treatment behavior learns the meaning etc. problem.

第二章通过分析医疗犯罪的构成要件，来分析医疗犯罪的主体、客体、主观要件和客观要件，揭示医疗犯罪的形态，并对医疗犯罪构成要件的一些理论难点问题做了进一步的研究，具体包括医疗过失犯罪的客体、非法行医犯罪的主体、医疗行为的法律特征以及医疗过失的刑法学意义等问题。

Under new situations,they appear some flew characteristics in the organized crimes:the number is increasing with a rapid growth;the character is developing more typical towards underworld;the equipment used in the crimes is becoming moderner;the degree of systematization is turning higher and higher.The tendency towards enterprise is changing dearer and clearer;the means is becoming softer and softer;they appear territorial and international tendency.

在新形势下，有组织犯罪呈现出一些新特点：带黑社会性质的犯罪数量上迅速增长，质量上正向典型的黑社会犯罪演化；装备更趋现代化；犯罪的&组织化&程度越来越高，&企业化&趋势更加明显；犯罪手段上越来越重视&软&手段的运用；犯罪活动呈现跨区域化、国际化的发展趋势。

Based on international criminal law standard and in convention about international crime stipulation, international criminal trial practice, special theory characteristic of international crime constitution, international criminal law's aim of protection international society common interest as well as neomorph of international crime and so on international subject of crime connotation inspection.

基于国际刑法规范及惯例中关于国际犯罪的规定、国际刑事审判实践、国际犯罪构成理论特质、国际刑法保护国际社会共同利益的宗旨以及国际犯罪新形态等国际犯罪主体的内涵性考察，可以明确国际犯罪主体的外延应当包括个人、组织或团体、国家、国际组织，并可以概括出这四类国际犯罪主体的本质和认定特征。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。