犯罪

There's great difference between constitution of crime elements of unjustifiable defense and other popular criminal constitution elements.

防卫过当是一种特殊的犯罪形态，其犯罪构成要件与其他普通犯罪的构成要件有很大不同。

A freeman shall not be amerced for a slight offense, except in accordance with the degree of the offense; and for a grave offense he shall be amerced in accordance with the gravity of the offense, yet saving always his "contentment"; and a merchant in the same way, saving his "merchandise"; and a villein shall be amerced in the same way, saving his "wainage" if they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the oath of honest men of the neighborhood.

凡由我们进行裁处的按如下执行：自由人犯轻罪，非根据犯罪程度科罪的，不得处以罚款；犯重罪的，根据严重程度科处，但须保留其必要的生活用品；商人犯罪，同样处刑，但得保留其货品；维兰犯罪亦同，但得保留其农具；并且，非经诚实邻人宣誓作证，不得加刑。注： a 、第二次重签时插入"他人而非我们的"。b 、参见第5条注 b 。c 、此处开始发现陪审团的渊源，不过据说在这种情况下，所作出的处罚相当严酷。

For he who is excited by anger seems to turn away from reason with a certain pain and unconscious contraction; but he who offends through desire, being overpowered by pleasure, seems to be in a manner more intemperate and more womanish in his offences.

因为，因愤怒而犯罪的人看来是因某种痛苦和不自觉的患病而失去了理智，但因欲望而犯罪的人却是被快乐所压倒，他的犯罪看来是更放纵和更懦弱。

For instance, not all crimes of pursuing illegal profits are allocated penalty of fine, these crimes which not be allocated are allocated confiscatory penalty, this situation confuses the functions of penalty of fine and confiscatory penalty; and the majority of unintentional crime and light crime aren"t allocated penalty of fine; even analyses from the proportion of coexistence of penalty of fine and other penalties, the penalty of fine will be proved that it"s not light penalty.

如并非所有的贪利性犯罪都配置了罚金刑，没有配置罚金刑的多以没收财产代替，混淆了罚金刑和没收财产刑的功能；过失犯罪和故意犯罪配置罚金刑的比例严重失调；大多数的轻罪也没有配置罚金刑，造成了轻罪重罚的尴尬局面；从罚金刑与其他刑种同时配置的比例分析，甚至从制度方面反推出罚金刑不是轻刑。

A consultable standard is needed while applying the legal circumstances stipulated in the penal code. The following steps may be effective: take into account all the details related to a crime including the circumstances for discretion without regard to the concrete legal circumstances presumably; decide abstractly the standard of punishment which should be applied to the crime; examine the legal circumstances and adjust the said criterion.

刑法规定的法定量刑情节需要一个参照基准，应在假定不考虑犯罪人的具体法定量刑情节的基础上，考虑犯罪人所有的与犯罪有关的全部犯罪细节包括酌定情节，抽象地确定这一犯罪应当适用的基准刑罚，再在此基础上，考虑量刑的法定情节，对基准刑罚进行适当的调整。

Acknowledging unpremeditated coprincipal is bound to cause drastic impact on the traditional joint crime system. Although opposing negligent coprincipal can preserve "legality" of the traditional joint crime system, a considerable portion of criminal liabilities caused by joint negligence cannot be reasonably explained under the seemingly perfect system.

肯定过失共同正犯，必然会对传统的共同犯罪制度造成极大的冲击；否定过失共同正犯，固然能够维护传统共同犯罪制度的&合法性&，但是相当一部分由于共同过失导致的犯罪现象却无法在这种看似完备的体系内得到合理的诠释，试图在理论上为追究共同过失行为人的刑事责任奠定充足的根据，更显得捉襟见肘。

The classic school of crime cored by constructive factors theory is the beginning of systematic study of crime and lays the foundation of further study in this field.

以构成要件理论为核心的古典犯罪论体系是犯罪论体系化研究的肇始，为此后的犯罪论体系研究奠定了坚实的基础。

With regard to the fact that there is neither complete legal system nor independent substantive law or procedural one against juvenile criminality,it is necessary for judicial offices of different levels to perfect the judicial remedy,such as juvenile court system and suspending proceedings system.Other ways include:to change the state of single criminal,to break through the limits of single trial and to reassess the judge determination system and the juage's practice of abandoning designative jurisdiction,etc.

鉴于目前我国法律对未成年人犯罪问题尚未形成完整的法律体系，还没有独立的未成年人犯罪实体法和程序法，需要各级司法机关进一步探索完善未成年犯罪的司法救济体系，比如少年法庭体系，暂缓起诉制度，改变刑事单一化的现状，突破审判单一化的局限，重新确定法官评价体系及法官职能摈弃指定管辖的做法等。

At present,according to the defects on ideological and political work for college students, Labeling Theory functions directively on ideological and political work: avoid tagging on students;avoid bringing about negative influence between teachers and students interaction;together with other social forces,ideological and.

标签理论是西方犯罪学研究犯罪原因的一个重要理论，对高校思想政治工作亦不乏指导意义：思想政治工作主体要避免给学生贴标签；思想政治工作者要防止师生之间的互动给学生带来消极影响；思想政治工作须与社会其他力量一起提供适合大学生健康成长的社会化环境；思想政治工作对待犯罪大学生应采取人性化的帮教手段。

Because overseas to female crimeresearch start comparatively early, so it obtains the achievement is plentiful,thus has the essentia l in the measure and the experience procedure whichadopts to and took it's essence.

由于女性犯罪带有很大的危害性，因此预防女性犯罪势在必行，构建一套科学的女性犯罪预防对策对维护社会稳定、保持经济的持续稳定增长有着重要意义。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。