物质论者

Like Democritus, he was an atomist, believing that the fundamental constituents of the world were indivisible little bits of matter (atoms, Greek atomos, indivisible) flying through empty space.

和德谟克利特一样，他是原子论者，认为世界的基本构成是在虚空中穿行的不可分割的很小的物质单位（原子，希腊语atomos，不可分割的意思）。

This is precisely the problem of corporality we have to face. Questions like the origin of life, social evolution and decipherment of life codes, are not only research topics for evolutionists and biologists, but also subjects of enquiry for philosophers and thinkers: the body is not material; gender is not physiological; life can take on a more advanced form of existence.

这恰恰是我们今天要面对的身体性问题，从生命源起到社会进化再到生命密码的破解，不仅是进化论者、生物学家的课题，也是哲学家、思想家思考的对象：身体并非物质，性别并非生理，生命有更高级的存在形式。

Descartes was a substance dualist, and argued that reality was composed of two radically different types of substance: corporeal substance, on the one hand, and mental substance, on the other hand.

笛卡尔是一个本质上的二元论者，他认为现实是由两种完全不同的实体组成的：一方面是物质的实体，另一方面是心灵的实体。

Idealists reject the materialist side of the dualist conception of mind: material substance is inconceivable.

唯心论者拒绝心知概念之二元论的物质主义这边；而物质东西是不可设想的。

Interesting. I'm, as you can guess, not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.

很有趣。我，你可以猜到，不是一个唯物论者，而是一个非物质论者。

Although Leibniz was actually an ontological monist who believed that only one fundamental substance, monads, exists in the universe and everything else is reducible to it, he nonetheless maintained that there was an important distinction between "the mental" and "the physical" in terms of causation.

虽然莱布尼兹实际上是一个存在论上的一元论者，他相信只有一种基础实体——单子——存在于宇宙中，以及其它的所有东西都可以还原成它，但是他还是持有在精神和物质之间从因果关系上看有明显的不同的观点。

This brings us to the nihilist's positive thesis that there are material simples.

这就引出了没有论者的一个肯定性主张：物质简单物存在。

More specifically, dualists like Descartes struggle to explain how a physical body connects to an immaterial soul. What's the conduit?

更多具体的，二元论者像笛卡尔挣扎与解释一个物质的身体是怎样与一个无形的灵魂联系在一起，什么是导管？

The modern history of the topic of personal identity begins with Locke, who held that the identity of a person consists neither in the identity of an immaterial substance (as dualists might be expected to hold) nor in the identity of a material substance or "animal body"(as materialists might be expected to hold), and that it consists instead in "same consciousness."

现代关于个人统觉问题的讨论起源于洛克，他认为个人的同一性既不是由某种非物质实体造成（某些二元论者或许持此观点），也不是由物质性实体或者&肉身&造成，而是由&相同的意识&造成的。

To be sure, that principle - universal gravitation - was something of a disappointment to the older cadre of mechanists, since mechanism originally sought to explain all phenomena entirely in terms of the motion and collision of material bodies, whereas Newton's principle of gravitation required action at a distance.

事实上，这一原理--万有引力--对于机械论者的旧有核心来说是令人失望的，因为机械论原本希望可以将一切现象完全解释为物质物体的运动和碰撞，而牛顿的引力原理则需要相隔一段距离的运动。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。