物理过程

With the help of tensor analysis theory, the velocity field and the strain rate field during the tri-walled tube forming process are deduced, and the energy rate and the needed driving force are determined.

运用数学物理方法，遵循能量守恒定律对卷焊管电阻直热式钎焊过程进行了稳态分析，求得了焊接区上的温度分布及钎焊各工艺参数间的关系，并进一步探讨了钎焊温度波动控制策略及方法。

In this paper, the basic theory and work principle of cellular automata were introduced concisely. The influence of strain-rate and temperature on the number of nucleation and the mean size of R-grain, as well as the influence of cooling on ultimate microstructure of blade after forging finished off were considered. The microstructure evolution was simulated successful based on the DEFORM-3D. The simulated results agree well with growth kinetics of dynamic recrystallization of classical theory and physical experiment.

文章介绍了元胞自动机模型的理论基础和工作原理，并根据叶片模锻成形的特点，综合考虑应变速率、变形温度对再结晶形核率与平均晶粒尺寸，以及终锻冷却对叶片锻件最终组织的影响，在DEFORM-3D平台上，成功地仿真了叶片模锻过程中的微观组织演变，得到了同经典理论分析和物理实验结果吻合较好的动态再结晶动力学特征。

Our current theory of elementary particles and forces, known as the Standard Model of particle physics, has achieved a unification of electromagnetism with the weak interactions, the forces responsible for the change of neutrons and protons into each other in radioactive processes and in the stars.

最近的关于基本粒子和力的理论，就是在粒子物理里面叫"标准模型"的，已经将电磁力和弱相互作用统一起来。弱相互作用可以使质子和中子在放射过程和星球内部发上相互转变。

In this paper, nanopowders of rare earth oxides and tungsten were prepared and 0-3 type nano-composit rare earth tungsten thermionic emission materials were fabricated with novel technics. The raw material selection, preparation technic parameter, structure, physical and chemical characteristic, the rare earth distribution and the emission behavior were studied. The influence between the active layer and the thermionic emission performance, rare earth elements diffusion and distribution along depth were investigated in detail. The surplus RE formation and the electron transfer were discussed in theoretically. The thermionic emission current density of the single surplus RE on the active layer was educed. We adopted "liquid-liquid mixing, freeze-drying and two stage-reduction" working step firstly to produce the RE-W nanopowders including La-W powder, Ce-W powder and Y-W powder.

本文采用细化显微组织的新工艺，制备了纳米稀土钨粉末和0-3型纳米复合稀土钨热电子发射材料，探讨研究其原料选择、制备工艺及参数、结构特征、物理和化学特性、稀土分布均匀性、以及热电子发射特性；系统研究了稀土元素的高温扩散情况、高温状态下活性层中稀土的纵向深度分布、以及表面活性物质和活性层厚度对热发射性能的作用；从理论上分析阐释了超额稀土的形成及其电子的传递过程；并从理论上推导了活性层中单个超额稀土的热电子发射电流密度。

A physical model describing the heat and mass transfer processes of the evaporating thin film is set up and an evolution equation which shows the development regularity of dimensionless film thickness with time is obtained from the liquid vapor interfacial conditions.

论文对平面蒸发薄液膜的传热传质过程建立了物理模型，从汽液界面上的边界条件得到无量纲液膜厚度随时间变化的发展方程。

In the research of signal integrity on the twisted pair, we first discuss the basic principles of transmission line and reflection on the transmission line.

研究过程所使用的主要方法是运用信号完整性理论，分析并解决物理层设计中的信号质量问题。

The results showed that there existed variation among eucalypt families in wood physical-mechanical properties and wood chemistry. There were significant differences among E.pellita families、E.grandis families and E.urophylla譋.grandis clones in wood colors as well as between Strains and within trees.The variation of the surface wetability of wood between E.grandis families and E.urophylla譋.grandis clones were significant.Even in the same families level or clones level,there still existed the same regulation. The degree of collapse of eucalypt had a large relation in the amount of tylosis in vessel and vestured pits on the cell wall of vessel. The more rich tylosis and vestured pits in vessels,the more probability to occur collapse for eucalypt.The biggest moment collapse was probably the critical point of the drying degrade.During the fomulation of drying technology,it is necessary to adopt moderate condition to make the vessels which had formed the biggest moment collapse at the biggest moment collapse resume,especially to prevent the permanent set.At the normal temperature level,the main factors which influenced residual collapse were the contents of ray parenchyma and axial parenchyma .Nearly all the cells joined the course of forming the moment collapse and biggest moment collapse.Interval drying was fit for eucalypt plantation which was easier to make collapse.

研究表明：桉树不同家系间木材物理力学性质和化学组成存在差异；粗皮桉家系间、巨桉家系间、尾巨桉无性系间材色存在显著差异，株间、株内木材材色存在变异；桉树木材表面润湿性在巨桉家系间、尾巨桉无性系间存在着显著差异，在同一家系或同一无性系中，株间和株内也存在着相同的变化规律；桉材皱缩程度与其导管中侵填体的多少和导管壁上纹孔具有的附物多少密切相关，侵填体含物越丰富，纹孔附物越多，桉材越容易皱缩；最大瞬间皱缩是能产生更大干燥降等的临界点，在制定干燥工艺时，必须在最大瞬间皱缩发生时，采用温和条件，使已产生最大瞬间皱缩的细胞尽可能多的恢复，尤其不能使其产生永久变定；在常温条件下，影响残余皱缩的主要因子是射线薄壁细胞和轴向薄壁细胞含量；而对于瞬间皱缩和最大瞬间皱缩，几乎所有细胞都参与它们的形成过程；对于易皱缩的桉树木材，间歇干燥是最有前途的干燥方法。

By Karhunen-Loeve expansion, the random processes of physical parameters such as the channel length and the oxide thickness with spatial correlations are transformed to a set of uncorrelated random variables.

利用卡洛展开(Karhunen-Loeve expansion)将通道长度和氧化层厚度这类具有空间相关随机过程的物理参数转换成一组无相关性的随机变数。

Similarly, investigations on the information encoded in finite physical resources will also be helpful for improving the efficiency of state measurement, storage, etc.. This dissertation focuses on some theoretical investigations of quantum state estimation together with discrimination process, and is organized as follows. In the first chapter, we introduce some basic concepts and related background materials, including the theory of quantum operation and unitary group representation, which is helpful for understanding the following content of this dissertation.

在量子密码通信的安全性研究中，测量可获取信息直接关系到窃听能否成功，这实际上对应于量子态的操作和识别过程；在量子通信信道容量、以及态编码的研究中，考察如何利用有限的物理资源标识尽可能多的量子态信息，对提高信息测量、存储的效率都很好的指导意义。

Quantum communication is a fashionable field of physics and informatics at present.Starting with the theoretical basis of quautum communication,the author investigats the method of dealing with information and the process of carrying information for both sides of communication.The variety of quantum state of transfers particle and unitary transformation matrix of acceptant are calculated in theory by four Bell radix.The circuitry of quantum communication is provided,and the author obtains Bell radix and qu...

量子通信是目前物理学和信息学科研究的热门领域，文章从量子通信的物理基础出发，研究了通信双方对信息的处理方法和信息的传输过程，从理论上分别计算了在4个Bell基下传输实体的量子态的变化和接收者的幺正变换矩阵；给出了实现通信的量子线路，并以该线路为基础计算了Bell基及对应的幺正变换矩阵和量子门。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。