物理过程

The purpose of this thesis is to obtain physical information on carbon cluster growth at atomic levels, including the isomer spectrum and the mechanism of the cluster formation.

本文的主要目标在于从原子水平上获取碳团簇形成过程中的物理信息，包括团簇异构体谱以及团簇形成的动力学机制。

It is shown that, in some areas, such as Tarim Basin, Beishan and Qaidam Basin, although the results derived from traditional Airy model and lithospheric isostasy model are close, the lithospheric isostasy model can explain the nature of the mass balance in a more reasonable way.

计算结果表明，在一些地区，如塔里木盆地、北山和柴达木盆地，尽管岩石圈均衡模型和Airy模型得到了一致的海拔值，但岩石圈均衡模型更能体现均衡过程的物理本质；除青藏高原造山带外的多数块体，岩石圈均衡模型的计算结果更接近观测海拔和地表垂直运动状态；总体上，考虑地幔岩石圈热结构影响后，中国大陆各地区的均衡结果普遍优于传统的均衡模型。

Using the Conservation Law of mass, momentum, energy in the form of Euler and equation of the thermodynamics, the interaction between the shock wave and the wall surface of the excavation roadway during the gas explosion is discussed.

文章建立了瓦斯爆炸冲击波的管道物理模型，利用Euler形式的动量、质量、能量守恒方程和热力学方程从理论上解析了瓦斯爆炸过程中爆炸冲击波与掘进巷道壁面相互作用中正反射和斜反射时波阵面上的各个参数，并给出了计算公式和简化公式。

Based on Fermat's theorem, the law of reflection and refraction is obtained, and the geometrical ray tracing method of reflected light is introduced. In response to geometric optics rainbow theory and Airy rainbow theory, the relationship formula of the N-order rainbow angle with the refraction index and the Airy peak value position formula are derived, and the physics causation of the first order rainbow are discussed and analyzed in detail. The distribution properties of the first and second order Airy structures of spherical particles are calculated.

利用费马原理推导了反射和折射定律，以反射射线的跟踪为例介绍了几何光学射线跟踪方法的推导过程；根据几何光学彩虹理论和Airy理论，推导了N阶几何光学彩虹角与入射角和折射率的关系及Airy峰的位置表达式，详细阐述了一阶彩虹形成的物理原因，计算了球形粒子的一、二阶Airy分布。

Firstly, several kinds of schemes were proposed according to the design demand. The best scheme was chosen after analyzing and comparing the schemes. The robot's structure was designed with Pro/Engineer and AutoCAD software. Secondly, the kinematics analysis conducted, coordinate transformation matrix using D-H method was set up, and the kinematics equation direct solution and inverse solution was deduced. The manipulative interface about the kinematics equation direct solution and inverse solution was completed with VC++ and the velocity Jacobian of displacement matrix was constructed using differential transform method. In the process of the trajectory planning based on robot's kinematics analysis, I propone a method by which we can get middle nodal point with normalizing factor in order to simplify our searching for these middle nodal points. In addition, I give these middle nodal points with actual physics signification. For eliminating contradiction between real-time and accuracy, I bring forward separately limit of error and reversal interpolation method. For decreasing calculation quantity, we resort to tri-spline interpolation in the articulation space.We analyse the work range of the robot by resorting to graphic means.

首先，作者针对机器人的设计要求提出了多个方案，对其进行分析比较后，选择其中最优的方案后用Pro/Engineer和AutoCAD软件进行了机器人模型结构设计；其次，进行了运动学分析，用D-H方法建立了坐标变换矩阵，推算了运动方程的正、逆解，运用VC++制作了正、逆运动学求解的求解界面；并且用微分变换法推导了速度雅可比矩阵；在基于机器人的运动学的轨迹规划中，通过在操作空间的规划，提出了归一化因子来求解中间结点，通过它可以使求解中间结点变得更简单，并且赋予这些中间结点实际的物理含义，对于规划中精确性和实时性的矛盾，提出了以误差极限法和反向插值法来解决的方法；为了减少规划过程中计算量，在关节空间进行三次样条插值；然后借助图解法进行工作空间分析，作出了实际工作空间的轴剖图。

The friction loss on the interface of different samples in the course of the martensite phase transformation has been calculated.

首先研究了MSMA的变形机理、马氏体择优取向的过程，分析了MSMA样品的微观结构和物理特性。

Many mathematical models in physics, mechanics, biology and astronomy are given in such forms.

大量的物理、力学、生物学以及天文学问题的数学模型都是有连续的和离散的迭代过程描述的。

During the developing period,metallography has involved different combination of technique and man' s knowledge at different times.

金相学在发展过程不同时期包含了各不同学科的知识与技术，现代金相技术包括光学、电子光学及其他物理方法。

This paper intends to introduce and discuss some fundamental and important physics mechanism for cosmic ray influence on the atmosphere, including chemical reaction and cloud microphysics etc, and give some observational results of these effects.

对宇宙线影响地球气候的一些观测结果和物理机制的研究进行了总结和概述，主要讨论了宇宙线对大气中化学反应、云形成过程等的影响，并给出了羊八井宇宙线观测站对宇宙线流强和大气参量日变化的初步观测结果。

Chapter 1 of the dissertation reviews the developing history and the state-of-art of the study in electrification numerical simulation in thunderstorms, discuss the effect of electric environment on development of dynamics and microphysics, depicts the problems in this area.

第一章主要介绍了国内外关于雷暴起电数值模拟以及电环境对雷暴微物理和动力过程影响研究的现状，并分析了存在的问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。