物理过程

Pole-placement and Inner model tuning methods are discussed finally;(2) For the linear derivative action, several different tracker-differentiators are presented to improve the quality of the derivative signals;(3) A neural network tuning method is given for the nonlinear PID controller which includes the above tracker-differentiator;(4) For the linear integral action, a nonlinear pre-phase integrator is studied in order to decrease the phase delay problem; Simulation results show that the nonlinear PID controller including the pre-phase integrator posseses better performance in both fast and stable property, and strong ability of anti-disturbance;(5) A simple optimal criteria is introduced to optimize the parameters of the nonlinear PID controller based on the pre-phase integrator.

仿真研究表明，由此形成的非线性复合积分PID控制系统，具有快速而平稳的过渡过程和超强的干扰抑制能力；(5)采用物理意义简单明确的目标函数的优化设计方法，对上述非线性PID控制器进行参数整定，达到了满意控制典型工业过程的目的。通过对直线电机伺服系统的仿真研究，表明该种非线性控制器具有同时跟踪多个目标的优越性能。

The flow and performance characteristics of ice storage tank air conditioning system with multi evaporators were analyzed.

分析了多室内蒸发器的冰蓄冷柜式空调系统的流程和性能优点，建立了蓄冰槽充冷过程的数学物理模型，对换热管的每一个管段，根据热阻网络建立了描述其换热过程的差分方程组。

F. Blackman concluded that the process of carbon dioxide assimilation was a multi-step process and suggested that both physical and chemical reactions were involved.

Blackman得出结论：同化C02的过程是一个复杂的多步过程，并认为涉及有物理反应和化学反应。

By analyzing the changes of spectrum of the characteristic functional groups, the mechanism and process of synthesis reaction were discussed.

研究结果表明合成反应初期是一个物理化学反应过程；在反应过程中目标产物存在一个最低点区域，在特征官能团上"枝接"其他官能团时，应有效地避免该反应时间区域。

The diesel engine combustion is a physical and chemic process which is complex and changeable.

柴油机燃烧过程是一个十分复杂而多变的物理、化学过程。

Coalification is essentially a process of the change of physicochemical structure and physicochemical properties under the influence of temperature, pressure and time.

煤化作用实质上是在温度压力及时间等因素的作用下，煤的物理化学结构的变化及由此导致的煤的物理化学性质的变化，因此，了解煤化作用过程中物理化学结构的变化是深入理解煤化作用机理及过程的关键。

By consideringthe formation time of secondary particles we have developed theparticipant nucleon model incorperating the secondary collisionsnaturally and calculated the increase of the 〓 ratio caused by thesecondary collisions of pions with target nucleons.

本论文另一研究工作就是通过考虑次级粒子的形成时间，自然地将参加者核子模型发展成为包括次级碰撞过程的模型，并根据此物理图象，计算了高能原子核一原子核碰撞过程中由于π介子与核子的次级碰撞过程而导致的次级粒子中的K+/π+比例的增加。

The molecular motion of amorphous region at high-frequency was found to be hardly affected during the stretching processes. In summary, elongation has created major but different influences on the morphology and molecular motion of the aforementioned four series of polymeric elastomers. For those elastomers like natural rubber and poly , elongation has induced crystallization of the noncrystalline or the soft segments. The crytallinitiy and the crystal thicknesses increase monotonously during the course of the stretching; On the other hand, the stretching processes for those semicrytalline copolymers like EMA and POE are rather complex, including the formation of crystal at relatively low λand the destruction of the crystal at the utmost λ. It revealed that stretching process has resulted in a decreasing of the thicknesses and a shortening of 〓C T〓s for the orthorhombic crystalline components.

拉伸对上述四个弹性体体系的聚集态结构都产生了很大影响，但是影响的程度和内容因体系而不同，对于本身存在着化学交联或者是物理交联的体系而言，拉伸导致了其中本来难以结晶组分的结晶，且结晶度随着拉伸比增加而增加，与此同时，体系结晶的晶片厚度也会逐渐增加；而对于结晶性共聚物体系，如EMA和POE，结晶区本来起到了物理交联的作用，在这种情况下拉伸的影响变得比较复杂，拉伸对于不同晶型的影响有所不同，在拉伸比较低的情况下体系总体的结晶度会有所增加，说明有新的结晶产生，当接近或达到断裂伸长比时，体系的结晶度会突然降低，含量占优的结晶会被拉伸所破坏，含量较低的结晶在整个拉伸过程中受的影响较小。

Since the speed of physical development can be identified by the intensity of light reflected from the white silveron the surface of printing material as a function of CCD elements and reaction time ,the development process of printing-plate direct-making silver salt graphic arts material can be monitored directly and visually in situ and on real- time .

原位地监测了印刷用银盐直接制版材料的显影过程，通过版材表面白银的反射光强随CCD单元及反应时间的变化来表征物理显影速率，达到了直观、快速、实时监测物理显影全过程的目的。

To study the effect of papermaking wastewater irrigation on soil hydrological properties in saline reed field, different wastewater irrigation frequencies were employed in the saline reed field of Yellow River Delta. Soil infiltration course and hydrological properties were determined in field and laboratory. After wastewater irrigation, the change of the soil pH value, soil salt content and soil hydrologic-physical properties were observed. The results were showed that: 1 After wastewater irrigation, the mean reduction of soil pH value was 6.0%.

为研究造纸废水灌溉对黄河三角洲内陆盐碱芦苇地土壤水文特征的影响，通过设置芦苇地不同废水灌溉次数下的随机区组试验，采用田间测量土壤入渗过程和实验室内测定水文物理参数相结合的方法，分析造纸废水灌溉前后土壤pH值、含盐率及土壤水文物理参数的变化。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。