牙龈

Objective To analyze the CT and MRI manifestations of oral carcinoma,and to evaluate the value of imaging technologies in the diagnosis of oral carcinoma,thus to explore the most reasonable imaging method Methods 46 cases with oral carcinoma,proved by surgery and pathology （2 lip tumors,8 carcinomas of the gingival ridge,5 carcinomas of the buccal mucosa,24 tongue carcinomas,5 carcinomas of the floor of the mouth,2 tumors of the hard palate）,were analysed retrospectively32 cases were examined with CT and 14 cases with MRIImaging presentations were compared with surgery and pathology Results Of the 46 cases with oral carcinoma,22 were ulcerative lesion of infiltrative growth,24 were masslike lesion of extruded trowthOf the 32 cases examined with CT scan,27 were detected,5 were missed,the 4 missed cases were confirmed to be superficial ulcers by surgery and pathologyOf the 10 cases with bone destruction examined with CT scan,8 were manifested,2 were missedAnd of the 14 cases with MRI scan,all 14 were detected Conclusion CT and MRI scan are valuable for diagnosis of oral carcinomasThey can manifest the morphology and size of primary tumor,contiguous structures,bone invasion and cervical lymph node metastasisMRI is the optimal imaging method for superficial ulcerative lesion of infiltratibe growth

徐 锋，罗德红，唐威，欧阳汉，周纯武目的分析口腔癌的CT及MRI表现，评价影像检查在口腔癌诊断中的应用价值，探索合理的影像学检查方法。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的口腔癌46例（唇癌2例，牙龈癌8例，颊黏膜癌5例，舌癌24例，口底癌5例，硬腭癌2例），其中32例行CT扫描，14例行MRI扫描，将影像表现与手术所见及病理结果进行对照分析。结果 46例口腔癌中，呈浸润性生长的溃疡型病变22例，外生性生长的肿物型病变24例。CT扫描32例，明确显示病变27例，遗漏病变5例，其中4例为表浅溃疡型病变。CT扫描病例中，10例有骨质侵犯，CT扫描准确评价8例，遗漏2例。MRI扫描14例，均准确评价肿瘤及其与周围结构的关系。结论 CT、MRI对口腔癌原发肿瘤的形态、大小、周围结构侵犯、颈部淋巴结转移的评价有重要价值。对于较小及呈浸润性生长的表浅溃疡型肿瘤，CT扫描尤其是CT平扫难以准确显示，应首选MRI。

Objective To analyze the CT and MRI manifestations of oral carcinoma,and to evaluate the value of imaging technologies in the diagnosis of oral carcinoma,thus to explore the most reasonable imaging method Methods 46 cases with oral carcinoma,proved by surgery and pathology （2 lip tumors,8 carcinomas of the gingival ridge,5 carcinomas of the buccal mucosa,24 tongue carcinomas,5 carcinomas of the floor of the mouth,2 tumors of the hard palate）,were analysed retrospectively32 cases were examined with CT and 14 cases with MRIImaging presentations were compared with surgery and pathology Results Of the 46 cases with oral carcinoma,22 were ulcerative lesion of infiltrative growth,24 were masslike lesion of extruded trowthOf the 32 cases examined with CT scan,27 were detected,5 were missed,the 4 missed cases were confirmed to be superficial ulcers by surgery and pathologyOf the 10 cases with bone destruction examined with CT scan,8 were manifested,2 were missedAnd of the 14 cases with MRI scan,all 14 were detected Conclusion CT and MRI scan are valuable for diagnosis of oral carcinomasThey can manifest the morphology and size of primary tumor,contiguous structures,bone invasion and cervical lymph node metastasisMRI is the optimal imaging method for superficial ulcerative lesion of infiltratibe growth

中华硕博网核心提示：徐锋，罗德红，唐威，欧阳汉，周纯武关键词：口腔肿瘤目的分析口腔癌的CT及MRI表现，评价影像检查在口腔癌诊断中的应用价值，探徐锋，罗德红，唐威，欧阳汉，周纯武目的分析口腔癌的CT及MRI表现，评价影像检查在口腔癌诊断中的应用价值，探索合理的影像学检查方法。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的口腔癌46例（唇癌2例，牙龈癌8例，颊黏膜癌5例，舌癌24例，口底癌5例，硬腭癌2例），其中32例行CT扫描，14例行MRI扫描，将影像表现与手术所见及病理结果进行对照分析。结果46例口腔癌中，呈浸润性生长的溃疡型病变22例，外生性生长的肿物型病变24例。CT扫描32例，明确显示病变27例，遗漏病变5例，其中4例为表浅溃疡型病变。CT扫描病例中，10例有骨质侵犯，CT扫描准确评价8例，遗漏2例。MRI扫描14例，均准确评价肿瘤及其与四周结构的关系。结论 CT、MRI对口腔癌原发肿瘤的形态、大小、四周结构侵犯、颈部淋巴结转移的评价有重要价值。对于较小及呈浸润性生长的表浅溃疡型肿瘤，CT扫描尤其是CT平扫难以准确显示，应首选MRI。

In the peacetime, the bactria results in of the chronic infection will make gum inflammation, easily bloodshed, palatine bone absorption, decayed tooth and toothache, end because dens turnover get sick of tooth loose move or dens neurapophysis necrosis and pull out a tooth, next door usefully the second molar teeth be usually also subjected to spread and result in at this time the injury of waiting the degree even pull out a tooth not, this is also the most regrettable place.

在平时，细菌造成的慢性感染会使牙龈发炎，容易流血，骨吸收，蛀牙及牙痛，最后因牙周病的牙齿松动或牙髓坏死而拔牙，这时隔壁有用的第二大臼齿往往也会受到波及而造成不等程度的伤害，甚至拔牙，这也是最可惜的地方。

The tooth disease with common kid has tooth gingivitis (namely tooth beautiful flesh has symptom of red, haemorrhage) with dental caries (common calls bug eat by moth the tooth, its symptom is a tooth nigrescent, molten, into the hole).

青年人常见的牙病有牙龈炎（即牙花肉有红肿、出血症状）和龋齿（俗称虫蛀牙，其症状是牙齿发黑、变软、成洞）。

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical effect of "stimulated" osteoperiosteal pedicle grafts and root demineralization with citric acid in reconstructing periodontium lost by gingival recession and to observe the histological response of periosteum to controlled surgical stimulation and the healing after experimental stimulated osteoperiosteal pedicle grafts and root demineralization in animal, especially regeneration of alveolar bone.

为了评价牙周刺激带骨瓣移植结合根面枸橡酸处理，在整复由于牙龈退缩所丧失牙周组织方面的临床效果：观察成年动物的骨膜对有控制的外科穿刺性损伤及动物实验性刺激带骨瓣结合酸处理术后的组织学反应，特别注意牙槽骨的再生情况。

And I'm just going to put my finger in your mouth here, and I'm just going to palpate, tell me if you feel anything at all in your gums.

我会把我的手指放到你的嘴里，然后触诊，如果你感觉牙龈不适，请告诉我。

Results A followed up for 12 months, one was broken again and restored, the rest were good without gingival congestion and atrophy, with good prosthetic restoration function, no dental root fracture and apical paradentitis.

结果 本组22颗牙，随访12个月，1例发生再折断，再次修复，其余21颗牙龈无充血及萎缩，修复体功能良好，未出现根折及根尖周炎表现。

After giving perfusion 4% paraform trans-heart to internal fixation, the specimens were get and made bucco-lingual paraffin sections at lower first molar and made HE staining. The area of buccal and lingual gingival epithelial and connective tissue, the length of the longest rete pegs were measured with the image analysis system. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance of factorial design.

内固定取材后制作下颌第一磨牙颊舌向石蜡切片，HE染色，利用图像分析系统分别测量颊侧和舌侧牙龈上皮面积、结缔组织面积、最长钉突长度，行完全随机分组两因素析因设计资料的方差分析。

This report presents 2 cases of inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite into the periradicular tissue because of apical constriction destruction and canal perforation. Acute severe pain, gingival swelling, cellulites, and even parathesis over the circumscribed region of the upper lip were noted.

本病例报告是两例有关根管治疗过程中，因治疗过程不愼使根尖孔破坏与穿孔，并将根管冲洗溶液次氯酸钠挤压至牙根周围组织中，造成急性疼痛、牙龈肿胀、蜂窝组织炎，甚至有局部性的嘴唇麻痹现象等剧烈组织反应。

The patients with a syndrome of marginal gingivalis amount 25.37% and syndrome of parodontitis being 52.2%, with a high infective rate(83.33%) in patient with parodontitis and abscess simultaneously.

其中合并牙周炎与牙龈炎的感染率分别是52.27％和25.37％。牙周炎伴有脓血性分泌物及脓肿者感染率最高，可达83.33％。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。