牙齿

The grim malachite statues, an honor guard of six, flanked a huge, heavy chair that seemed entirely carved from yellowing ivory, the chair arms knobbed and knuckled, the back capped with a huge, many-toothed, serpentine skull whose eyes were pools of shadow.

那些威严的六个孔雀石雕像，作为荣耀，在它们的侧面守护着一个巨大沉重的椅子，这把椅子整个由一个泛黄的牙齿雕刻而成，多节的椅臂的后面，罩着一个巨大的有着很多牙齿的蛇的头骨，它有一双阴暗的眼睛。

Children suffering from macroglossia may require surgical reduction of the tongue in order to prevent the social stigma of retardation associated with a large protruding tongue, and to minimize the negative affect of the large tongue on tooth and jaw development - which may cause malformation of the jaw due to constant pressure of the large tongue as well as splayed teeth.

患有巨舌症的患儿可能需要进行舌部减小手术来防止与大而突出的舌头有关的人际交往问题，以及减小大的舌头对牙齿和下颚发育带来的负面影响有可能由于舌头的持续的压力导致下颚畸形以及牙齿稀疏。

In 1667 a Danish naturalist, Nicolaus Steno, recognized these findings as ancient shark teeth. In 1835 a Swiss naturalist, Louis Agassiz, gave this mysterious creature the name by which it is known today, Megalodon — which in Greek means 'big tooth'.

在1667年，一位丹麦的自然学家Nicolaus Steno鉴定这些发现为古代鲨鱼的牙齿。1835年，一位瑞士的自然学家Louis Agassiz，给予这个神秘的生物一个我们现在总所周知的名字：Megalodon，这个词在希腊语中意思是&大牙齿&。

Radiograph of teeth in mesiodistal direction were taken.

结果 ：单根单根管上颌第二前磨牙的根管弯曲仅有 2个，单根双根管牙齿的根管明显弯曲有 6个，在 2 8个双根牙中有明显根管弯曲的 6个，根管弯曲的牙齿总发生率为 6 。6 %(14 /2 13)。

Both upper and lower dental study models were collected from 30 boys (12 years old) and 30 girls (12 years old) with acceptable normal occlusion to understand the characteristics of the crown size, dental arch width and length such as (1) mesiodistal diameters of crown size from central incisor to first molar,(2) the width and length of dental arch and basal arch and (3) the morphology of dental arch form. After statistical analysis, data were compared with Japanese, Central and South American Indians and North American Caucasians from papers. The results were:(1) There was no statistical difference in teeth size between males and females, except the upper first molar of males was larger than that of females, lower central incisor of males was smaller than that of females.(2) The dimensions of dental arch of males were larger than that of females in general, especially such items as width and length of basal arch.(3) The crown size of Chinese male was in generally smaller than that of four other races, especially the upper canine, lower central incisor and first molar.

为了解住在台湾的中国人其牙齿的大小，齿列弓幅径及形态，为齿科人类学上的特微，以期能对儿童牙科，齿颚矫正科之临床及齿科基础医学能有所贡献，抽取12岁学童男女各30名共60名，可接受为正常咬合之上下颚齿列模型，测量其上下颚(1)左侧正中门牙到第一大臼齿共计12颗恒牙之牙冠近远心径，(2)齿列弓宽径、长径及齿槽基底宽径、长径，(3)齿列弓之形态，以上资料经统计分析作t-test检定，并与诸学者对日本人、北美白人、中美及南美印第安人人种的研究结果作检讨得知；(1)男女性恒牙的近远心径无明显差异，但男性上颚第大臼齿比女性者大，下颚正中门牙比女性者小；(2)男性的齿列弓幅径比女性者为大，尤以齿槽基底宽径及长径最显著；(3)国人男子的牙齿近远心径比其他四人种者为小，特别是国人的上颚犬齿，下颚正中门牙及第一大臼齿最小。

Second would be the Mesopotamic vampire, then Egyptian, then Chinese and so on.

然后就是美索不达米亚的吸血鬼，埃及的，中国的，等等，每类种族吸血鬼们，它们有独特的特征（特异功能，2个或4个犬齿，牙齿尖利，或者根本没有牙齿，只在舌头底下藏一根针管等等

During early odontogenesis, transcripts for Bmp-4, Shh and Wnt-5a were co-localised at the tooth initiation stage.

在牙齿发生早期，骨形态发生蛋白4， Shh和Wnt信号- 5A型共表达在牙齿开始阶段。

Notch1 is expressed by stem cells resided in the cervical loop epithelium, and Notch signaling pathway play a central role in fate decision of those stem cells. Notch receptors and their ligands are involved in both patterning and cell fate determination during odontogenesis. Moreover, many cell factors, which are closely related with odontogenesis, could regulate expression of Notch receptors or their ligands.

既往研究显示：早在牙齿发育期，Notch1就表达于颈环星网状层的干细胞中，是其保持干细胞性质的重要机制；Notch-Delta信号还与成釉细胞、成牙本质细胞分化有关，被认为是牙齿发育细胞分化多样性的原因之一；另外，目前已明确与牙胚细胞分化有关的生长因子如TGFβ、FGF、BMPs等均可诱导Notch受、配体的表达。

The dental-tissue-derived stem cells are isolated from specialized tissue with potent capacities to differentiate into odontogenic cells.

从牙齿组织特定部位分离的牙齿组织来源干细胞可以分化为牙源性细胞。

Absctrct: Objective This study was designed to investigate the stress distribution in the surface of tooth and peridental tissues and the initial displacements of tooth in the maxillary under two orthodental simulating force rectangular archwire with T loop and II class elastic used clinically by the 3-D finite element method so as to clarify the biomechanism of orthodontic tooth movement and component of optimal orthodontic force system.

目的：通过有限元分析法比较两种工况下上颌各牙齿的位移趋势和牙根及牙周支持组织内的应力分布规律，为临床治疗中合理选用矫治力系统以便有效的控制牙齿移动类型提供可靠的理论依据。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。