牙骨

OBJECTIVE: To establish a three-dimensional finite element model of a mandibular molar with dental implant inserted in mandibular molar area using reverse engineering, and to provide mathematical model basis for biomechanics researches of stomatology.

目的：利用逆向工程快速建立含下颌磨牙种植义齿的颌骨三维有限元模型，为口腔生物力学的研究提供数学模型基础。

There are no changes in development directions of maxilla,mandible and SN before and after orthodontic treatment for bimaxillary protrusion抯 adolescents with four premo－lars extracted,but there are different in development rate,the development of mandible is the fastest, maxilla is slower, SN is the slowest.

可以认为青少年双颌前突患者拔牙矫治前后上颌骨、下颌骨及前颅底的生长方向在治疗前后无变化，但三者的生长速度不同，下颌骨生长最快，上颌骨较慢，前颅底的生长速度最慢。

This in vivo study was to examine the historical changes of implanted novel chitosan/collagen composite barrier for confirming the clinical feasibility. Four other commercial GTR membranes were chosen for comparison. Among the resorbable GTR membranes, BioMend Extend and Peri-Aid are collagen base, and GORE-TEX OSSEOQUEST is synthesized membrane, while GORE-TEX e-PTFE (Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) is synthesized but non-resorbable. Beagle dogs were used as animal model. Buccal mucoperiosteal flaps were reflected in the bilateral mandibular premolar and molar areas. Buccal alveolar bone was reduced on 1st、2nd premolar and molar to a level 5 mm apical to the cemento-enemel junction. Root surface was denuded of periodontal ligament and cementum, and notches were placed at the bone level of each root. The tested GTR barriers were implanted in critical bone defect areas. Flaps were coronally positioned and sutured. Two beagle dogs were sacrificed each time as the designed time period after surgery. Histological and histometirc evaluation at 7 days、14 days、28 days、3 months were performed post-operatively to determine the healing response of each treatment modality.

本研究之目的在评估与工研院生医中心合作发展出可吸收性去乙醯几丁聚醣/胶原蛋白复合之组织导引再生膜片，并选择与可吸收性之BioMend Extend 及Peri-Aid 胶原蛋白膜片，和GORE-TEX OSSEOQUEST 合成高分子膜片，及不可吸收之GORE-TEX e-PTFE合成高分子膜片，等其他四种市售商品材料共同对照评估，应用8只年龄为12个月的雄性小猎犬，均分4组(分别为7天、14天、28天、3个月)，为动物活体评估模式，在实验犬之左、右下颚第一、二小臼齿及大臼齿的颊侧区制造骨缺损后，分别植入组织导引再生膜片，依实验设定时间将小猎犬牺牲，取下缺损区骨头，以光学显微镜观察量测其牙垩质再生高度与齿槽骨再生高度之变化，以探讨其组织再生模式及评估新膜片在临床应用之适用性。

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The palatal bone thickness and bone thickness density were measured at 6 mm dorsally from the incisive canal.

主要观察指标：口腔内侧骨皮质上距切牙孔后缘6 mm处腭中缝的骨厚度及骨密度。

AMELX, AMBN and ENAM are the major matrix proteins of enamel, and play different roles during different developing stages of tooth germs. AMELX may facilitate the growth of crystals in the early mineral stage, and act in the repairing of bone. AMBN may promote the mineralization of enamel matrix, and also keep the shape and size of crystals. ENAM may act in remineralization and promoting the growth of crystals.

AMELX、AMBN和ENAM为主要的釉质基质蛋白，在牙胚发育的不同阶段有不同的调节矿化的作用，AMELX在釉质矿化早期促进晶体生长，而其在骨中的表达则进一步表明其在骨修复中可能的作用；AMBN促进釉质基质矿化，并维持晶体形状、大小；ENAM促进和维持晶体生长，并与再矿化有关。

Undermining bone resorption and hyalinization of PDL also took place during tooth rotation.

在牙齿的扭转过程中，PDL的透明性变和牙槽骨的潜掘性骨吸收也表现出来。

Results We found that the Group Ⅲ(Tennison lip-repair) had the anterio-posterior growth disturbance of maxillar, maxillary height and posterior dental arch width were larger for compensation and the nasal septum deviated to the cleft side.

结果 发现Tennison法修补唇裂术后，上颌骨前后向生长发育较正常对照组和造裂组受限，同时上颌骨宽度、后牙弓宽度呈代偿性增加，鼻中隔向裂隙侧偏曲。

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic infection factor has been given much importance in the study of the etiology of secondary trigeminal neuralgia,and the theory of jaw bone cavities is proposed.

背景：三叉神经痛的发病原因中因牙源性感染因素所致，在继发三叉神经痛的病因学研究中愈来愈受到重视，并提出了颌骨骨腔病变学说。

With increasing resorption of alveolar bone, the center of resistance of the maxillary incisors including pulp cavity, were located within the mid-sagittal plane,6.1mm lingual to archwires labial side, respectively at 38.5 %, 47.3%, 55.2%, 64.1%, 75.2%length of the central incisor measured from the alveolar crest.

1、在不同程度齿槽骨吸收时上颔切牙段在各种载荷作用下，中切才｝侧切才的应力分介基木相同，均为丁恨表而应力最大，齿槽骨人山厂入上，丁人司膜应力最个。

Cell sheet transplantation regenerated both new bone and cementum connecting with well-oriented collagen fibers, while only limited bone regeneration was observed in control group where cell sheet transplantationwas eliminated.

结果发现，细胞膜片移植再生出了新骨、牙骨质以及连接二者的排列整齐的胶原纤维，而在没有进行细胞膜片移植的对照组只观察到了有限的骨再生。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。