牙形成

Tooth agenesis also named teeth number deficiency. It happens in tooth forming process or earlier period of tooth germ development.

先天缺牙又称牙齿数目不足，是在牙胚形成过程中或牙胚发育的早期，即牙蕾形成期的异常。

After 16 weeks growth, continuous and intact ameloblast, enamel, dentin, odontoblast was found.

生长16周的人牙胚，已经形成连续完整的成釉质细胞，牙釉质、牙本质和成牙本质细胞层。

All these lines have been proven for their capability of differentiation into odontoblast, dentin, pulp, or cementum in vivo.

这些不同来源的牙齿干细胞，在囓齿动物移植实验中，可以分化为牙本质母细胞，进而形成牙本质，或分化成为牙髓结构，或形成牙骨质。

Inside the source apply color to develop process in the tooth in formative of, such as four wreath vegetables deposition is in the tooth essence, will make tooth yellow, brown or dark gray, be called four wreaths plain tooths;If containing fluorine in the drinking water is excessive, may also cause fluorine spot tooth, the tooth noodles presents a white chalk color, the palm tree brown spot piece;If the tooth nerve is bad clay-cold, hemoglobin and germ resolve an outcome to combine to also make tooth black.

内源性着色是在牙齿发育过程中形成的，如四环素沉积在牙本质内，就会使得牙齿变成黄色、棕色或暗灰色，称为四环素牙；如果饮用水中含氟过多，也可能导致氟斑牙，牙面呈白粉笔色、棕褐色斑块；如果牙神经坏死后，血色素与细菌分解产物结合也可使牙齿变黑。

Results After 18~24 months, there are 11 patients' teeth arrangement were corrected in order and gapless, overbite and overjet come into being their appearance harmony.

结果 经过18~24个月矫治，11例前牙开牙合患者牙齿排列整齐，无间隙，前牙形成覆牙合覆盖关系，外貌协调。

RESULTS: VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were expressed from apical foramina to the central pulp as bunchy line,and became fan-shaped at the cervical line,more branches in the coronal pulp.Some branches surrounded blood vessels,some branches terminated in the pulp matrix,the others passed Raschkow nerve plexus and run forward the odontoblastic layer and the predentine,but not went into dentine.

结果：VIP阳性神经纤维自根尖孔呈束状进入牙髓，至颈部扇形分开，在冠髓大量分支，部分围绕在血管周围，部分终止于牙髓基质，部分参与形成成牙本质细胞层下Raschkow神经丛，然后发出分支伸入成牙本质细胞层和前期牙本质，但不进入成熟牙本质。

The slices were treated by immunohistochemistry reaction and the image analysis. RESULTS: VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were expressed from apical foramina to the central pulp as bunchy line,and became fan-shaped at the cervical line,more branches in the coronal pulp.Some branches surrounded blood vessels,some branches terminated in the pulp matrix,the others passed Raschkow nerve plexus and run forward the odontoblastic layer and the predentine,but not went into dentine.

结果：VIP阳性神经纤维自根尖孔呈束状进入牙髓，至颈部扇形分开，在冠髓大量分支，部分围绕在血管周围，部分终止于牙髓基质，部分参与形成成牙本质细胞层下Raschkow神经丛，然后发出分支伸入成牙本质细胞层和前期牙本质，但不进入成熟牙本质。

RESULTS: No reparative dentin was formed after 3 days of post-operation. The new-formed reparative dentin and osteodentin were observed after 15 days.

结果：术后3d未见修复性牙本质形成。15d后可见修复性牙本质形成，并可见骨样牙本质。

On the termination date, the cultured explants were all examined by Western blot, HE and transmission electron microscope. Our results showed that after 12-days in culture, the cultivation treated with AS-ODN reduced the synthesis of AMBN and had a deformed dental cusp with thinner enamel matrix. Ultrastructure analyses showed that there was hardly any cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the ameloblasts at the tip of the cusp of AS-ODN treatedexplants. However, on average the enamel matrix was thinner compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, the collagen fibers in extracellular matrix were found disorganized. These findings seemed to provide a direct experimental evidence that tended to indicate that the arrested AMBN translation in cultured tooth germs might result in the delay of the tooth development.

经用Western蛋白印迹检测表明，所设计的反义核酸对AMBN InRNA具有良好的封闭效果并成功阻断了牙胚对AMBN的表达；在缺乏AMBN情况下，与对照组相比，实验组牙胚在体外可以继续生长发育至钟状晚期，出现成釉细胞和成牙本质细胞的分化，成釉细胞可以分化成为分泌期型成釉细胞，胞浆中缺少合成蛋白质所必需的粗面内质网和高尔基氏体，缺乏溶酶体，表明对蛋白合成和脚的能力降低；实验组牙胚有牙尖形成和基质分泌，但牙尖形态异常，基质形成减少，牙尖周围基质最厚处为O.6卜m，明显薄于对照组的5.spin，基质中胶原纤维粗细不等，排列稀疏， 3 第四军医大学硕士学位论文未见钙化现象，充分证明了AMBN在牙胚发育中参与釉质基质形成和矿化过程，影响胶原纤维和牙本质基质的合成，促进成釉细胞对蛋白质的合成和釉质基质蛋白降解。

A study has indicated the expression of Smad2 in human dental pulp cells, but there are no reports about the functions of Smad2/3 in TGF- P modulating dental pulp repair and tooth development.

本研究的目的是观察人牙髓细胞内Smad2和Smad3分子在TGF-β1信号转导中的作用，以及TGF-β1对二者表达水平的调控方式，并检测Smad2和Smad3在牙胚发育的不同时期和正常、龋坏、炎症牙髓组织中的表达及其变化，旨在从细胞内信号转导水平探讨TGF-β调节成牙本质细胞分化和牙本质形成的分子机理，为揭示牙胚发育和牙髓损伤修复过程中基因表达的调控机制提供一定的实验依据。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。