焊缝

Weld -shape( butt weld width, size of fillet weld ) is an indicator of weld features and it also is an important factor of quality welding.

焊缝尺寸(对接焊缝的焊缝宽度、角焊缝的焊角尺寸等)表示焊缝形状特征的指标，是影响焊缝质量的重要因素之一。

Weld-shape(butt weld width ,size of fillet weld)is an indicator of weld features and it also is an important factor of quality welding.

焊缝尺寸(如对接焊缝的焊缝宽度、角焊缝的焊角尺寸等)是表示焊缝形状特征的指标，是影响焊缝质量的重要因素之一。

In the research of image system, a image processing algorithm of welding seam is established on the basis of image math. model of structured light of Fourier-transformation of lens in space, and the image analyzing system based on the rule-model of the features of welding seam in 3D-space is also established which can meet the requirements of the auto-programming of welding parameters for arc welding robot in accuracy and reliability.

在焊缝图象系统的研制中，基于结构光空间付氏变换的光纹图象数学模型，建立了焊缝图象处理算法，并基于焊缝三维空间特征的规则模型，建立了焊缝图象分析系统，使焊缝检测与分析的精度和可靠性达到了弧焊机器人焊接参数自动规划及焊接路径自动规划的精度要求。

Mm. 7.5.3 Requirements for quality of weld joint's surface: a No crack, not fusional, bubble, slag, splash; b Surface of seam of pipeline with design temperature lower than -29℃, stainless steel pipeline and alloy steel pipeline with trend of harden quenching shall be free from undercut.

The surface shall be smooth 7.5.3 焊接接头表面的质量应符合下列要求： 28 SH 3501-2002 a 不得有裂纹，未熔合，气孔，夹渣，飞溅存在； b设计温度低于-29℃的管道，不锈钢和淬硬倾向较大的合金钢管道焊缝表面，不得有咬边现象；其他材质管道焊缝咬边深度不应大于 0.5mm，连续咬边长度不应大于 100mm，且焊缝两侧咬边总长不大于该焊缝全长的 10%； c 焊缝表面不得低于管道表面，焊缝余高Δh 应符合下列要求： 1 100%射线检测焊接接头，其Δh≤1+0.2b1，且不大于 2mm； 2 其余的焊接接头，Δh≤1+0.2b1，且不大于 3mm。

The results show that mechanical heterogeneity has great influence on the J-integral of welded joint containing transverse crack. The J-integral on the path cross the interface between welded joint and base metal is higher than the J-integral on the paths in the weld metal for undermatched joint,while the J-integral on the path cross the interface between weld metal and base metal is lower than the J-integral on the paths in the weld metal for overmatched joint. Moreover,the difference of J-integral values increases with the increasing of the load and strength mismatching difference and the path-enclosed length of interface between weld metal and base metal.

计算结果表明：力学不均匀性对含横向裂纹焊接接头的J积分有重要影响，低匹配焊接接头中积分路径穿越焊缝与母材界面的J积分值高于积分路径在焊缝内的J积分值，高匹配焊接接头中积分路径穿越焊缝与母材界面的J积分值低于积分路径在焊缝内的J积分值；载荷越大，焊缝与母材的强度差别越大；积分路径中包含的焊缝与母材界面长度越大，J积分的差值越大。

Results of the computation under the same welding temperature field show that the longitudinal residual stresses in the weld are as high as the yield strength of the plate in the strength and TEC evenmatched joints, lower than the yield strength of the plate in the strength evenmatched and TEC undermatched joints. It also has something to do with the strain hardening exponent of the weld metal in the strength evenmatched and TEC overmatched joints.

计算结果表明：等强等胀匹配的焊缝区纵向残余拉应力水平高达母材的屈服强度，等强低胀匹配的焊缝区纵向残余应力水平低于母材屈服强度，等强高胀匹配的焊缝区纵向残余应力水平还与焊缝应变硬化指数有关。

Thirdly, with the modified Gurson model of the MARC finite element method soft, the damage behave of the welded joint was simulated. It was found that in the undermatched welded joint, the damage mainly happened in the soft weld line and with the decrease of the weld line抯 width, the damage抯 development was faster. As for the overmatched welded joint, the results showed that the damage mainly happened in the soft base metal and with the increase of the weld line抯 width, the damage抯 development was faster. While the width of the weld line was narrower than three millimeters, the high strength weld line could improve the anti-damage capability of the overmatched welded joint.

通过计算发现在低匹配的焊接接头中，损伤主要发生在低强度的焊缝中，并且焊缝宽度越小，焊接接头的损伤就越严重；而在高匹配的焊接接头中，损伤主要发生在紧临焊缝的强度较低的母材上，随高强度焊缝宽度的增加，焊接接头的损伤发展程度加剧，当焊缝宽度小于3mm时，高强度焊缝的加入对焊接接头能起一个强化的作用，提高了焊接接头的抗损伤能力。

A detection method for welding lines based on K-L algorithm is discussed. Infrared light source is applied to get high quality images of welding lines through CCD. Image template libraries for unwelded and welded lines are constructed and the welding line image is processed by K-L algorithm to match with the template libraries to judge if the welding line has been welded. The experiment shows that above method is effective with high precision and speed and it can be applied on real-time detection of welding lines.

提出计算机对所得图像进行滤波和图像分割，讨论了K-L算法的原理及其在红外焊缝图像检测中的应用；以红外光源照射焊缝，通过CCD摄取焊缝的图像，建立已焊和未焊的图像模板库，采用K-L算法对焊缝图像进行处理，并与模板库进行比较，得出焊缝是否焊接的结论；试验结果表明，该方法检测精度高，检测速度快，可以实时运用于对手工电弧焊的焊缝质量检测中。

But for the TEC overmatching, the residual stress σ〓 in the weld center is also related with the strain hardening coefficient H W of the weld metal. The residual stress σ〓 in the weld center got to the yield strength σ〓 increases little when the H'w is lower and somewhat exceeds the σ〓 when the H'w is higher.

而高胀匹配时的焊缝中心纵向残余应力σ〓还与焊缝金属应变硬化指数H〓有关，H〓较低时，焊缝中心纵向残余应力σ〓在达到焊缝金属屈服强度σ〓后不再升高；H〓较高时，焊缝中心纵向残余应力σ〓可超过焊缝金属屈服强度σ〓。

Butt Weld and docking and corner combinations Weld, in Weld ends located arc plate and extraction plate in igniting board then leads to the welding seam, joint halfway shall weld joints in front of 2.0 mm Department Firing arc, welding pieces after preheating rod will return to weld the origin, pool filled to the required thickness, before forward welding; Welding speed : Isokinetic welding requirements to ensure weld thickness, width uniform, which masks to look for hot metal and slag bath equidistance (2-3 mm)%; Arc welding rod length : different models and determined that the general requirements of arc length is stable, acid electrode generally 3-4 mm, 2-3 mm normally alkaline electrode%; Welding perspective : According to determine the thickness of two pieces of welding, welding angle has two aspects : First, the angle between the direction of the rod and welding of 60-75 ; The second is the angle between two electrodes and welding around, the same thickness as welding, welding and welding pieces incident angle of 45 ; When the thickness ranging from welding, welding electrode and thick and thin pieces of welding electrode side angle greater than the angle between the side pieces; Arc : admission to the end of each weld should be filled crater, in the direction opposite to the direction of the back-arc welding, arc welding unchanged inside pit in 1974, to prevent the crater bite of meat.

对接焊缝及对接和角接组合焊缝，在焊缝两端设引弧板和引出板，必须在引弧板上引出后再焊到焊缝区，中途接头则应在焊缝接头前方15～20㎜处打火引弧，将焊件预热后再将焊条退回到焊缝起始处，把熔池填满到要求的厚度后，方可向前施焊；焊接速度：要求等速焊接，保证焊缝厚度、宽度均匀一致，从面罩内看熔池中铁水与熔渣保持等距离（2～3㎜）为宜；焊接电弧长度：根据焊条型号不同而确定，一般要求电弧长度稳定不变，酸性焊条一般为3～4㎜，碱性焊条一般为2～3㎜为宜；焊接角度：根据两焊件的厚度确定，焊接角度有两个方面，一是焊条与焊接前进方向的夹角为60～75 ；二是焊条与焊接左右夹角有两种情况，当焊件厚度相等时，焊件与焊件夹角为45 ；当焊件厚度不等时，焊条与较厚焊件一侧夹角应大于焊条与薄焊件一侧夹角；收弧：每条焊缝焊到末尾，应将弧坑填满后，往焊接方向相反的方向带弧，使弧坑甩在焊道貌岸然里边，以防弧坑咬肉。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐