焊点

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

This dissertation consists of three parts: First, we introduce AOI technology applied to the PCB inspection and its development, especially on the PCB solder joint inspection technology.

本文的主要分为三个部分：首先，介绍了用于印刷电路板检测的自动光学检测技术及其发展，特别论述了印刷电路板中焊点的检测技术的重要意义。

Very interesting that we found in this main board a lot of empty spot.

非常有意思的是，我们在这款主板上发现了很多空焊点。

Under temperature cycling conditions, this Pb-rich phase tends to coarsen and eventually leads to solder joint cracking.

因此，通过合理化设计的无铅锡基焊料由于消除了富铅相的影响，提高了焊料的机械性能，从而强化了焊点。

Based on the ICMmethod,the discrete topological optimization problem about spot-weld's existence or not is transformed into the continuous optimization problem on[0,1].The optimization model is founded with maximizing the structural stiffness as objective and structural strength as constraints.The problem of multi-objectives and multi-constraints is transformed into the problem of single-objective and single-constraint with the K-S function.The displacement and stress are transformed into the explicit function of design variables with the Response Surface Methodology.The optimization model is solved with Sequential Quadratic Program.

基于ICM（Independent Continuous Mapping，即独立、连续、映射）方法，将焊点有无的离散拓扑优化问题转化为[0，1]区间上的连续优化问题；建立了以结构刚度最大为目标、结构强度为约束的连续拓扑优化模型；采用K-S函数将多目标和多约束问题转化为单目标和单约束问题；运用响应面方法将位移和应力转化为设计变量的显式函数，采用序列二次规划方法求解优化模型。

In this paper, the duplex solder joints geometry of flip chip is simulated by Surface Evolver program.

摘 要：本文采用 Surface Evolver 软件对倒装焊复合焊点的几何形态进行了模拟。

Practicability of Surface Evolver in evolving prediction of SMT solder joint is reviewed and validated. Chapter five: finite element analysis method based on minimal energy principle with application of Surface Evolver is firstly used in evolving prediction of the kind of BGA solder joint shape.

基于最小能量原理的有限元数值分析方法与边界值积分数学分析方法相比，能更有效地求解各类SMT焊点三维形态成形预测问题，并具有很好的热应力分析延续性和良好的分析精度。

The modal tests of PCB and PCB assembly (free boundary condition and fixed boundary condition) were carried out. The equivalent elastic modulus and damping parameters of PCB can be gained, and the fixed boundary condition of finite element model was also determined. These will help to the following work.Second, drop impact tests of three different heights were carried out. Strains and acceleration responses of PCB were measured. Failed BGA packages of different test conditions were dyeing, and cross section analysis of failed solder joints was conducted.

针对JEDEC标准试件的局限性，提出了设计便于统计学研究焊点可靠性的试验试件的构想，利用有限元模态分析方法确定并验证了用圆形PCB组件替代JEDEC标准试件的可行性；通过一系列模态试验和有限元模态分析，确定了圆形PCB组件的相关试验参数，这不仅为跌落碰撞下PCB组件有限元模拟确定了较为合理准确的有限元模型，而且为正确地评价跌落碰撞下PCB组件的可靠性问题奠定了基础。2。

Minimal energy principle and finite element method were employed in modeling the solder joint shapes of Plastic Ball Grid Array device.

以无引脚表面组装元器件二维焊点问题为例，用两种不同的建模方法对其建立数学模型并进行分析比较，指出用基于最小能量原理的有限元数值分析求解表面组装焊点形态问题的方法优于一般数学分析方法。

This type of cable tray is made of 4mm-6mm diameter high quality steel wire and is weld by special welding machine crossing and also welding in T type on side and on top, so that each welding point can bear 500 kg tension. T type welding formed safe T edge is the global patent of mesh type cable tray, which avoids the sharp surface of welding point and can not only protect cables but also protect workers.

桥架采用直径4mm-6mm的高品质钢丝根据力学原理进行优化配置混合，并采用特殊订制的焊接机进行横纵交叉焊接及其侧弦和顶弦的T型焊接，以达到每个焊点能承受500公斤的张力。T型焊接所形成的安全T型边沿是网格式桥架的全球专利，避免了焊接点的尖锐端面，不仅能保护线缆，对施工及安装人员也更安全。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。