热电子的

These materials have excellent chemical and thermal stability, high melting point, high thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage and large carrier mobility rate especially the smaller electron affinity and potential or even a negative electron affinity, and the situation has greatly reduced the market launch of the threshold voltage, therefore, Field emission of such material will have a very vast potential for development and application prospects.

这些材料具有良好的化学与热稳定性、高熔点、高热导率、高击穿电压及大的载流子迁移率，特别是较小的电子亲和势甚至是负的电子亲和势，大大降低了场发射的阈值电压，因此，这类场发射材料将有着极为广阔的发展潜力及应用前景。

Several transient compounds were synthesized by the homo- and heterogeneous reactions of reactive halogen compounds, In-situ ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and photoionization mass spectroscopy as well as theoretical calculations were used to study their molecular structures, stability and molecular orbital properties, their electronic structures and geometric structures were obtained for the first time; Simultaneously, the electronic structure and thermal dissociation of acetyl peroxynitrate and trifluoroacetyl peroxynitrate which have great importance in the atmospheric chemistry were studied; The substituent effects of series of halopyridines and halothiophenes were studied by the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy method for the first time. The atmospheric chemical reaction between peroxyacetyl radicals with IO radicals as well as the dissociation of the most stable isomer of CH3COIO3 were calculated by density functional theory, it was found that the CH3COOIO2 isomer may be act as a new reservoir of inorganic iodine in the stratosphere.

通过活性卤素的系列均相与非均相化学反应合成了几种瞬态物种，采用原位紫外光电子能谱和光电离质谱结合量子化学理论计算对化合物的分子结构、稳定性以及分子轨道特性进行了研究，首次获得了这些物种的电子结构和几何结构的信息；同时研究了大气中有重要作用的乙酰过氧硝酸酯和三氟乙酰过氧硝酸酯的电子结构性质及热解过程；采用紫外光电子能谱手段首次研究了系列卤代吡啶和噻吩的取代基效应；通过量子化学理论计算研究了乙酰基过氧自由基与IO自由基的大气化学反应及其最稳定异构体CH3COOIO2的解离，发现该物种可能是无机碘化合物在平流层中的储库物种。

Nowadays with the booming development of microelectronic technique, the functions of the components of machinery, electricity, magnetism, optics, acoustics and thermotics have been improved rapidly. And the micromation of components, the integration of electronic equipments, the worse working environment, the increasing requirement and EMI, all of these make the structural design of electronic equipments more and more important.

在微电子学高度发展的今天，促使机、电、磁、光、声和热等元器件功能飞速提高，随着元器件微型化，电子设备趋向集成化，再加上一些日趋恶劣的工作环境，各种使用要求的提高，空间电磁环境的干扰，以及由于装填密度高，产生的内在干扰等，使得电子设备的结构设计变得越来越重要。

It is very detrimental to materials performance. From the viewpoint of the effects of PPB precipitation on the frature of hipped P/M Rene'95, the surface segregation and reaction in Rene'95 powder metallurgy superalloy were analyzed by modern surface techniques and by electron microscopy. The mechanisms of the formation and reduction of PPB precipitation are revealed.

本文从原始颗粒边界析出对热等静压压坯断裂的作用的角度出发，利用现代表面分析技术及电子显微分析技术研究了Rene′95雾化粉末表面的偏析、预处理粉末的表面反应和表面析出相的粗化规律以及热等静压压坯的界面反应和原始颗粒边界析出相，揭示了原始颗粒边界析出的形成机理和预处理方法改善原始颗粒边界析出的原因。

Pristine Li-Al LDHs are synthesized by hydrothermal process in different reaction conditions by varying the aging time for 1 and 24 hours. Both the Li-Al layered double hydroxides (abbreviated as Li-Al LDH1 and Li-Al LDH24 for aging time 1 hour and 24 hours, respectively) were modified by using sulphanilic acid sodium salt hydrate, modified agent to form modified Li-Al LDH1-SAS and Li-Al LDH24-SAS. The morphology of the pristine layered double hydroxides are investigated by using wide angle X-rays diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and particle size analyzer which indicates that the crystallinity and aspect ratio is increased with increasing the aging time from 1 hour to 24 hours. The particle size of Li-Al LDH24 and Li-Al LDH1 are found to be ~1000 nm and ~250 nm, respectively. Both the pristine and modified LDHs are characterized by XRD, FTIR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis.

本研究目的在於改变长晶时间的长短，合成出同径大小的Li-Al LDHs，再经由改质剂sulphanilic acid sodium salt hydrate将Li-Al LDHs无机层材表面有机官能化制备出改质型Li-Al LDHs-SAS，於是进一步藉由扫描式电子显微镜、射径仪和穿透式电子显微镜等仪器分别观察LDHs改质前和改质后其主层结构型态上的变化；从中可以发现Li-Al LDHs随著长晶时间的增加其径有随之增大的趋势，但经有机化改质后其径会由於改质环境的影响明显低许多，针对此现象本实验将未改质和改质后之Li-Al人工无机层材制备成复材进一步探讨其在热性质和难燃特性上的为表现。

We review the dark decay of the electronic holographic phase grating before thermal fixing, and deduce the general analytic expression of the lifetime of thermal-fixed ionic holograms in the photorefractive crystal, by means of analogizing.

通过类比的方法，由热固定前的电子体全息相位栅的暗衰减得出了热固定后离子体全息光栅的衰减规律及其寿命的一般解析表达式。

Using the enthalpy of formation of benzene and NO with the similar delocalizing electronic structure to correction, the calculated enthalpy of formation of TATB is acceptable compared with the experimental results.

结果表明，TATB分子中的苯环离域电子结构引起TATB生成焓计算的较大的系统偏差；利用具有相似离域电子结构的苯和NO的生成焓进行修正，计算得到的TATB生成热与实验结果符合较好。

Increased spin disorder and a decrease of with increasing Fe content are evident. It depopulates the hopping electrons and weakens the double exchange. From resistivity and magnetization data, it is expected that the addition of Fe can introduce grain boundaries and form antiferromagnetic clusters.

电阻率的峰值随着Fe的增加而增大，并且峰值对应的温度TIM向低温移动，随着外加磁场的增大电阻下降，产生MR效应，这是因为随着掺杂的增加，自旋无序增加，外场的增加抑制了自旋的扰动，在顺磁温区内，电子自旋形成了随机的磁结构，产生电子局域，破坏了极化子形成的环境，因此输运机制由绝热极化子输运转变为变程跳跃机制。

A neoclassical ion heat transport coefficient model is adopted, in which the effect of sheared poloidal rotation is taken into account, and the heat flux function has multiple values with the same plasma density and temperature.

采用考虑了剪切极向转动效应的新经典离子热输运系数模型，这种模型导致的热通量函数在相同的密度和温度下是多值的，将它用于电子与离子之间有碰撞的MHD方程，数值结果显示了H模情形等离子体上边缘陡峭的离子温度梯度。

Typically, objects emit X-ray radiation as synchrotron emission (produced by electrons oscillating around magnetic field lines), thermal emission from thin gases (called bremsstrahlung radiation ) that is above 107 (10 million) kelvins , and thermal emission from thick gases that are above 107 Kelvin.

通常情况下，物体发出的X射线同步辐射发射（电子振荡所产生的磁场线左右），热气体排放的薄是上述107 （ 10万美元） kelvins和热气体排放的厚的上述107开尔文。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。