热电子的

The morphology, composition, diameter, size and size distribution, differential thermal and weight loss of MoS2 particles were measured by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Zetasizer analyzer and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis in air.

用X-射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、能谱、粒度分析仪以及差热－热失重分析等分析手段，考察了产物粒子的形貌、成分、尺寸及尺寸分布、差热－热重的情况。

The energy spectrum and number of ejected hot electrons were measured.

测量了向外发射的超热电子的能谱和数量。

We investigate the sheath structure of an electronegative plasma at steady state with the assumptions of cold positive ions and hot negative ions.

西北师范大学物理与电子工程学院，兰州730070研究了含有带正负电的冷离子和热电子的磁化等离子体系统。

In this paper, nanopowders of rare earth oxides and tungsten were prepared and 0-3 type nano-composit rare earth tungsten thermionic emission materials were fabricated with novel technics. The raw material selection, preparation technic parameter, structure, physical and chemical characteristic, the rare earth distribution and the emission behavior were studied. The influence between the active layer and the thermionic emission performance, rare earth elements diffusion and distribution along depth were investigated in detail. The surplus RE formation and the electron transfer were discussed in theoretically. The thermionic emission current density of the single surplus RE on the active layer was educed. We adopted "liquid-liquid mixing, freeze-drying and two stage-reduction" working step firstly to produce the RE-W nanopowders including La-W powder, Ce-W powder and Y-W powder.

本文采用细化显微组织的新工艺，制备了纳米稀土钨粉末和0-3型纳米复合稀土钨热电子发射材料，探讨研究其原料选择、制备工艺及参数、结构特征、物理和化学特性、稀土分布均匀性、以及热电子发射特性；系统研究了稀土元素的高温扩散情况、高温状态下活性层中稀土的纵向深度分布、以及表面活性物质和活性层厚度对热发射性能的作用；从理论上分析阐释了超额稀土的形成及其电子的传递过程；并从理论上推导了活性层中单个超额稀土的热电子发射电流密度。

Aring; of nanometre LaOx particle . On the basis of the results of the previous chapters , a new thermionic emission mechanism was put forward.

薄膜"发射新观点，解释金属薄膜型阴极的热电子发射机理，更深入地揭示热电子发射的内在规律。"

In electronics, a vacuum tube or thermionic valve or just valve, is a device generally used to amplify, switch or otherwise modify, a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space.

真空管是一种电子设备，由抽真空的容器组成，它具有发射电子的阴极（旁热式是由灯丝加热，直热式则灯丝就是阴极）和工作时通常加上高压的阳极。阴极和阳极之间，自阴极算起，第一个电极称为栅极，再增加一个电极则称为帘栅极。

By comparison between SMM HXRBS observation and ground observation of Hα and CaIIK lines, especially through the combined study between SMM HXRBS observation and chromospheric flare models, the results show that: in the initial stage of impulsive phase, there is a correlative relation betweem Hα line intensity and hard X-ray emission; different spike in hard X-ray flux curve represents the burst at different location; the energy taken by non-thermal electron beam is larger than the radiative loss in chromosphere; for the flare studied here, the chromospheric evapporation is explosive; if the chromosphere is in balance between electron beam bombardment and radiative loss, the column mass density at the top of chromospheric flare model can not be taken as measure from the source of electrons and then the total material between the source of electrons and the top of chromosphere can be estimated.

通过一个具体耀斑的SMM HXRBS观测结果与同时基于地面得到的Hα和CaⅡK可见光谱观测结果对比，特别是将硬x谱观测结果与色球半经验模型联立研究，结果显示出：在脉冲相上升段，硬x发射与Hα辐射之间存在对应关系；硬x线光变曲线中不同脉冲爆发分量不太可能起源于同一位置；硬x辐射所反映的高能非热电子总携带能量大于色球总辐射损失；对所研究的耀斑而言，其色球蒸发过程是爆发性的；在详细比较了非热电子色球总沉积和色球辐射损失的基础上，指出半经验模型中色球顶部柱数密度不能看成是从非热电子源度量的，从而估计了色球顶部到非热电子源之间的总物质。

The energy spectra of hot electrons have been measured using the magnetic spectrometers, fitted with the LiF thermoluminescent dosimeter which were calibrated using Cs~(137)γ-ray sources, in the interaction of a 130 mJ, 60 fs, 800 nm, 1∶10~(-6), 7.0×10~(17) W·cm~(-2) P-polarized laser incidence on Cu foil target at an angle of 45° with respect to the target normal without any prepulse.

在激光能量130mJ，脉宽60fs，波长800nm，对比度1∶10-6，激光与靶法线成45°夹角， P偏振，靶面激光峰值功率密度约为7.0×1017W·cm-2，无预脉冲的条件下，采用电子谱仪与经γ标准源标定的LiF热释光探测器相配合，测量了飞秒激光薄膜靶相互作用中产生的超热电子能谱。

Aring; of nanometre LaOx particle . On the basis of the results of the previous chapters , a new thermionic emission mechanism was put forward.

薄膜&发射新观点，解释金属薄膜型阴极的热电子发射机理，更深入地揭示热电子发射的内在规律。&

It is included the energy spectrum and angular distribution of hot electrons generated by ultrashort laser-solid interaction, the effect to electron behavior of electrical conductivity of target material, the hot electron activities and plasma characteristics in various plasma scale length, the rule of electron movement related to the high harmonic generation in gas, the excelled calculation about the condition of high harmonic generation, the study of electron spectrum and ion spectrum generated by Coulomb explosion in laser cluster interaction.

其中包括超短脉冲激光与固体靶作用中超热电子的能谱和角度分布，靶材料的电导率对电子行为的影响以及在不同的密度标长条件下超热电子和与电子相关的等离子体特征；超短脉冲激光与气体靶相互作用中与高次谐波相关的电子的具体运动规律和产生短波长高次谐波的优化条件；超短脉冲激光与团簇原子相互作用中通过对电子的隧道电离而引起的库仑爆炸等。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。