热化

Which has substituted such traditional technologies as Zinc electroplating, Chromium electroplating, Zinc hot-dipping , Zinc hot spraying, phosphorize etc

取代了电镀锌、电镀镉、热浸锌、热喷锌、磷化等传统工艺技术

Polyimide films capped with nonreactive phthalimide end groups were synthesized with theoretical number average molecular mass of 10000 and 30000 calculated using the Carothers equation. The effect of end-capper on the thermal properties was studied by investigating the change of the glass transition temperature T(subscript g of films after cured at high temperature.

制备了经邻苯二甲酸酐封端的理论数均分子量为10000和30000的聚酰亚胺薄膜，通过差示扫描热分析测定薄膜高温热处理前后玻璃化温度的变化，研究了PA封端对ODPA/ODA聚酰亚胺薄膜热稳定性能的影响。

The properties, preparation technique, characterization method, pillaring mechanism and applications of PILM were summarized, and some questions (including thermal stability, and hydro-thermal stability, and pore structure et al) about PILM were pointed out in this paper.

本文首先概述了PILM物化性能、制备技术、表征方法、柱化机理及其应用领域等方面的研究进展，指出了PILM研究中存在的问题(热稳定性，水热稳定性和孔结构等)。

Two times hydrolyzation of Fe~(3+) and Cr~(3+) was firstly pointed out in the process of pillar preparation with hydrothermal method. In order to improve the thermal stability, Fe/Cr-Si-pillaring agent solution was synthesized by hydrolyzing Fe~(3+) and Cr~(3+) solution on the surface of silica sol, and Fe/Cr-Si-pillared montmorillonite (Fe/Cr-Si-PILM) was prepared with conventional method and hydrothermal method. Because the technical innovation of preparation is the best way to improve the PILM properties, two novel methods (Microwave method and Ultrasonication method) have been studied to synthesize Fe/Cr-PILM.In order to expand PILMs new application in the field of coal conversion, catalytic activity of Fe/Cr-Si-PILM catalyst in LongKou lignite and ShenHua coal residue liquefaction was discussed and characterized in the last part of this paper.

研究证明：蒙脱石的预处理是可行的，我们以预处理后的Ca-M为原料，研究并优化了PILM的水热法制备工艺，提出了金属离子的二次水解法；为了提高PILM的热稳定性，我们自制了硅溶胶，合成了Fe／Cr-Si三元复合柱化剂，并制备了Fe／Cr-Si-PILM；在PILM合成中，制备技术的革新是改进PILM性能的重要方法，为此我们探索了微波合成法和超声波合成法在制备Fe／Cr-PILM中的应用；最后，我们选择龙口褐煤和神华煤液化残渣为研究对象，探索了Fe／Cr-Si-PILM催化剂在煤炭液化中的应用，希望能开拓PILM应用的新领域。

Pillared montmorillonite, as a representative of Sandwich like pillared interlayered clays ,caught many scientist"s attention not only because of its special structure of two-dimensional sheets but also its excellent activity of catalysis and adsorption. It is well documented that the method to prepare PILM, ion-exchanging, needed a long periods and was affected by many factors, and that the product had low thermal stability especially hydro-thermal stability which was the primary obstruction of its using in large-scale production. At the same time, PILM was well documented prepared with Na-montmorillonite, while there were a few documents about PILM prepared with Ca-montmorillonite. The large cost of remodel of Ca-montmorillonite to Na-montmorillonite was another obstacle of the application of PILM, while Ca-montmorillonite was widely distributed in nature, as a result, to prepare PILM with Ca-montmorillonite has practical significance. What"s more, PILM was mainly studied as a catalyst in oil refining process till now, but rarely documented in other catalysis reactions, especially in coal liquification filed which also needed high activity catalyst.

以柱撑蒙脱石为代表的具有&三明治&结构的柱撑粘土矿物因其特殊的二维孔道结构和优良的催化和吸附性能近年来成为国内外广泛关注和研究的热点，但是目前国内外大量报道的PILM制备大多采用离子交换法，生产周期很长，影响因素很多，并且产物热稳定性不够高，特别是水热稳定性较差，这是其不能在实际中大规模生产和应用的主要障碍，因此制备一种高稳定性的PILM意义非常；文献中大量报道的都是钠基蒙脱石合成的柱撑粘土矿物，传统的离子交换法必须将钙基蒙脱石钠化改型，其成本相当高，而自然界中大量存在的却是钙基蒙脱石，直接用钙基蒙脱石合成柱撑粘土矿物有很现实的意义，但目前这方面的报道却很少见；另外，迄今为止，PILM作为催化剂的研究领域主要在石油的炼制中应用，而在煤炭的液化中却鲜有报道，如果能在煤炭转化领域应用这一成果，其影响也将是相当大的。

Pillared montmorillonite, as a representative of Sandwich like pillared interlayered clays ,caught many scientist's attention not only because of its special structure of two-dimensional sheets but also its excellent activity of catalysis and adsorption. It is well documented that the method to prepare PILM, ion-exchanging, needed a long periods and was affected by many factors, and that the product had low thermal stability especially hydro-thermal stability which was the primary obstruction of its using in large-scale production. At the same time, PILM was well documented prepared with Na-montmorillonite, while there were a few documents about PILM prepared with Ca-montmorillonite. The large cost of remodel of Ca-montmorillonite to Na-montmorillonite was another obstacle of the application of PILM, while Ca-montmorillonite was widely distributed in nature, as a result, to prepare PILM with Ca-montmorillonite has practical significance. What's more, PILM was mainly studied as a catalyst in oil refinin g process till now, but rarely documented in other catalysis reactions, especially in coal liquification filed which also needed high activity catalyst.

以柱撑蒙脱石为代表的具有&三明治&结构的柱撑粘土矿物因其特殊的二维孔道结构和优良的催化和吸附性能近年来成为国内外广泛关注和研究的热点，但是目前国内外大量报道的PILM制备大多采用离子交换法，生产周期很长，影响因素很多，并且产物热稳定性不够高，特别是水热稳定性较差，这是其不能在实际中大规模生产和应用的主要障碍，因此制备一种高稳定性的PILM意义非常；文献中大量报道的都是钠基蒙脱石合成的柱撑粘土矿物，传统的离子交换法必须将钙基蒙脱石钠化改型，其成本相当高，而自然界中大量存在的却是钙基蒙脱石，直接用钙基蒙脱石合成柱撑粘土矿物有很现实的意义，但目前这方面的报道却很少见；另外，迄今为止，PILM作为催化剂的研究领域主要在石油的炼制中应用，而在煤炭的液化中却鲜有报道，如果能在煤炭转化领域应用这一成果，其影响也将是相当大的。

The mechanism of formation of light-end products during M-HyPy was discussed.The results indicated that higher concentration and yields of BTX,PCX and naphthalene were found in M-HyPy as compared to HyPy,which is resulted from promoting hydrogenation and inhibiting repolymerization of free radicals due to the retention of hydrogen in M-HyPy.

结果表明：煤的多段加氢热解过程所得油品与传统的单段加氢热解油品相比，含有更丰富的高经济价值组分，如苯、甲苯、二甲苯和酚、甲酚、二甲酚及萘，这主要是因为氢气在峰温处的停留促进了自由基的氢化饱和及抑制了其再聚合的反应。

In this thesis, an unmagnetized, collisionless dusty plasma which consisted of extremely massive, highly negatively charged dust particles, ions and electrons are studied. Considering the effects of hot dust fluid with non-thermal ions and variable dust charge, we study the self-consisted system parameters on the structures of the dust-acoustic solitary waves by reductive perturbation methods.

本论文研究无磁化、无碰撞的、由大质量且带负电量的尘埃颗粒、电子和离子组成的尘埃等离子体，考虑尘埃流体的温度、非热离子和尘埃颗粒电荷绝热变化的因素，使用约化摄动方法研究这个自洽的系统的参数对尘埃声孤波结构的影响。

The pure and Fe doping TiO2 xerogel powders were prepared by sol gel method.

本文通过热分析、红外联用和 X射线衍射分析了不同煅烧温度下的纳米掺铁二氧化钛样品，研究了 sol-gel方法制备的纯二氧化钛和掺铁二氧化钛干凝胶的热分解和晶化过程。

The evaporation rate of element La at different temperatures in carbonized Mo-La2O3 cathode were calculated according to thermodynamics theory.

摘 要：从理论上计算了碳化Mo-La2O3热阴极材料在不同温度下活性物质镧元素的蒸发速度，分析了镧元素蒸发对材料热电子发射及其稳定性的影响。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。