热化

Therelationship between the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate,whichis widely used to parameterize the dissipation rate in turbulence closure models,is found to hold well for both reversing and rotating flows,but with differentcoefficients.Microstructure profiling measurements at two comparative stations (a deepercentral basin and a local shelf break) in the stratified Yellow Sea are analyzed,with emphasis on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottomand in the pyenocline.The water column has a distinct three-layer thermohaline structure,consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers anda narrow sharp pycnocline.Turbulence in the surface layer is controlled by thediurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface.while thebottom stress induced by barotropic tidal eurrents dominates turbulence in thebottom boundary layer.The maximum level at which the tidally enhanced mixingcan affect generally depends on the magnitude of the tidal current,and it canbe up to 10-15 m in the Yellow Sea.This suggests that,in the deeper regionsof the shelf seas,turbulent dissipation and mixing are very weak at the levelsbetween the near-bottom tidally enhanced layer and the pycnocline.Therefore,these levels provide a significant bottle neck for the vertical exchanges.In theshallow regions,however,the tidally-induced turbulence can occupy the wholewater colum below the pycnocline.A quarter-diurnal periodicities of the turbulentdissipation rate and eddy diffusivity are found at different heights with evidenttime lag.In the relatively flat central basin,the pycnocline is essentially non-turbulent and internal-wave activity is very weak.Therefore,vertical fluxes acrossthe pycnocline decreased to molecular levels.In contrast,internal waves of variousperiods can be always found near the local shelf break.

对强层化季节黄海两对比性站位(分别位于中央海盆区与局地陆坡区)处层化、内波以及湍流混合特征的研究结果表明：1、强层化季节的陆架海水体一般呈现显著的三层热盐结构，在水体近乎混合均匀的上混合层与潮流底边界层之间为强跃层；2、近表层水体的湍流混合强度主要由海表浮力通量的日变化与海表风强迫控制，而在潮流底边界层内，潮混合是水体热量、物质、动量与能量垂直交换的主要机制；3、潮混合影响的深度由潮流大小决定，在黄海，一般可达10-15 m，因此，在水深较深的区域，在跃层与潮混合所至深度范围的上界之间存在湍流混合非常弱的区域，这显著抑制水体内物质的垂直通量，为物质垂直交换的瓶颈，而在水深较浅的区域，潮混合影响范围可至跃层底部，因此物质在跃层以下整个水体中混合非常均匀，当跃层内间歇性强混合发生时，可以产生显著的跨跃层物质输运；4、近底潮致强湍流耗散缓慢地向上传播，底上不同深度处垂直湍扩散系数也具有显著的位相差异，且二者均随时间呈现四分之一周日周期的变化；5、在地形较为平坦的中央海盆区，内波活动非常微弱，因此跃层内湍流混合非常弱，垂直扩散系数为分子扩散水平，跨跃层物质通量受到显著抑制，而在地形变化较为显著的局地陆坡区，内波活动非常活跃，除内潮的影响外，高频内波与内孤立波的影响也很显著，因此跃层内存在很强的间歇性强混合，内孤立波存在的区域，水体湍流混合显著增强。

The carbonizing temperature, carbonizing time and the pressure of benzene (C6H6) are the decisive factors.

结果表明：在1723K，苯的压强为1.5×10-2Pa，碳化6min后Mo-La2O3阴极碳化度达到19.7%，碳化层为疏松多孔的Mo2C组织，有利于阴极热电子发射。

Two series of polyurethane acrylate grafted acrylic resins (Acr-g-TPU-PETA and Acr-gPPU-PETA) self-emulsifying systems are obtained by grafting -NCO group modified polyurethane acrylates with acrylic copolymer prepared from n-butyl acrylate, styrene,βhydroxyethyl methacrylate and acrylic acid The self-emulsifying systems showed Newtonian fluidity with viscosity closed to that of water, the solid contents were around 30% The T〓 of 15～4℃ for dried film before photocuring favored film formation at room temperature DSC and DMA results showed that PU-PETA is compatible with acrylic resin in the grafted resin The TG and dTG curves for Acr-g-PU-PETA samples were substantially different from the corresponding blends, and the brodened dTG peaks for photocured grafted resin suggest that there might be multiple interactions among chain segments The photocued film of the grafted resins self-emulsifying system exhibited good overall properties with polyurethane acrylate grafts ranging from 30% to 50%, and Acr-g-TPU-PETA series showed better properties than Acr-gPPU-PETA series The adhesion of the photocured film was 1～2 grade, impact strength was 50kg-cm and flexibility was 1mm The Shore hardness and the adhesion of the film decreased markedly if PETA was replaced by HEMA as photoactive group due to the lower C=C double bond content in the grafted resin The polyhydroxy amine-linked thioxanthones photoinitiators can be evenly dispersed in self-emulsifying system without color spot appearing in the dried film The films photocured with IV〓～IV〓 generally exhibited higher Shore hardness, gloss and solventresistance than that cured with Irgacure 2959 and did not induce the rusting of the iron substrate Pigmenting with titanium oxide had no effect on the photocuring The polyhydroxy amine-linked thioxanthone IV〓 and IV〓 can be new candidates for the formulation of titanium oxide pigmented photocurable water-borne coatings for their pale-yellow appearance and slight interference with the color of the coatings WB 4759 with high water-solubility coalesced and separated from the dried resin film, and even induced the rusting of iron substrate.

以丙烯酸丁酯，甲基丙烯酸-β-羟乙酯，丙烯酸及苯乙烯合成厂丙烯酸共聚树脂，并与含-NCO端基的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯接枝反应，经水性化后，得到两个系列（Acr-g-TPU-PETA和Acr-g-PPU-PETA）各5个不同配比的丙烯酸树脂接枝聚氨酯丙烯酸酯自乳化体系，粘度与水相近，为牛顿流体，固含量30％左右。光固化前干燥涂膜的玻璃化转变温度在-15℃～4℃之间，有利于室温下成膜。DSC及DMA谱表明两种树脂基本相容。Acr-g-PU-PETA的热失重行为明显不同于共混材料，接枝样dTG峰明显宽化，表明接枝样中链段之间的相互作刚有多重性，丙烯酸树脂与聚氨酯之间有一定的相容性。接枝树脂自乳化体系光固化涂层的综合性能以聚氨酯丙烯酸酯成分为50％～30％者相对较好，且以Acr-g-TPU-PETA系列更理想。光固化膜的附着力为1～2级，冲击强度为50kg·cm，柔软性多为1mm。以HEMA代替PETA作为接枝树脂的活性基团，碳—碳双键密度太低，光固化膜交联点太少，硬度和附着力均较差。多羟基胺连硫杂蒽酮光引发剂能均匀分散于树脂自乳化体系和接枝树脂干膜中，不出现色斑，光固化膜肖氏硬度一般高于以Irgacure 2959为光引发剂的光固化膜，光泽度及耐丁酮溶剂性能均有所提高，不会诱导铁基生锈，钛白着色对光固化结果几乎没有影响。本论文所合成的多羟基胺连硫杂蒽酮光引发剂IV〓与IV〓为浅黄色，对光固化涂层的颜色干扰较小，为配制钛白着色光固化水性涂料提供了新的光引发剂。水溶性太强的WB 4759在干膜中易聚结析出，且对所附着的铁基有诱导锈蚀作用。

Finally, the forming and localization course of shear band of tungsten alloy material have been analyzed. The influence of thermodynamics parameter of density, static yield stress, specific heat coefficient and heat conducted coefficient on shear-localized of tungsten alloy has been contrastively and individually analyzed through changing magnitude of each parameter. The result has shown that static yield stress and specific heat coefficient have bigger influence on the shear-localized of tungsten alloy.

最后对钨合金材料中的剪切带的形成和局部化过程进行了分析，并且在分别改变密度、静态屈服应力、比热容及热导率等热力学参数下，对比分析了它们对钨合金剪切局部化的影响程度，结果表明改变静态屈服应力和比热容对钨合金剪切局部化的影响较大。

The major works are as follows: 1 The 3-D numerical model of U-sharp flow passages is set up. The single-phase fluid flow and heat transfer are simulated for the U-sharp smooth and rib-roughened flow passages with FLUENT software. Their performance curves, temperature field and velocity vector are obtained and the local heat transfer and flow pressure-drop distribution along flow passage are analyzed. It is revealed that the ribbed flow passages can enhance heat-transfer and make the temperature more uniform, but it increases the pressure-drop to more extent. 2 The influences of diaphragm depth, channel width and board spacing on the performance are investigated.

建立了层叠式蒸发器U形流道的3维湍流模型，用FLUENT软件对尺寸相同的U形光滑流道和肋化流道中单相流体的传热和流动进行了数值模拟，得到了两种流道的传热和阻力性能关系曲线及速度矢量图、温度场，分析了光滑流道和肋化流道的局部换热系数及沿程压降变化，结果表明流道的肋化能有效的增强传热，而且使流体的流动和传热更加均匀，但也较大地增大了阻力。

Some stimulators, including viruses, tumor cells and hot shock, could promote the expression of NKG2 receptors and their ligands via activating certain transcription factors which are capable of up-regulating NKG2 promoters' activity. Meanwhile, epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications are also critical to expression of NKG2 receptors and their ligands and may control the clonally distribution of some NK cell receptors.

病毒、肿瘤和热休克等刺激可以通过激活相应的转录调节因子，提高启动子活性而上调NKG2家族受体及其配体的表达，而启动子区DNA的甲基化状态、组蛋白的乙酰化和甲基化等表观遗传调控，在NK细胞受体及其配体的表达方面亦起重要作用，并决定NK细胞受体的克隆性分布。

The plastic go down the hopper smoothly and is gripped by the thread of the screw. It is forced to go toward the direction of the gear end along with the rotation of the screw. A mechanical transferring process is formed. During the running of the plastic from the feed port to gear end, a high pressure is formed in the process of plastic curing due to the gradual decreasing of the thread depth and the resistance of filter gauze, splitter plate and gear end. The high pressure helps to press the raw material and improve its heat conductivity performance and the quick melting of the plastic, at the same time, the gradual increasing pressure can help the gas which is among material particles exhausted from the air holes.

在压力升高的同时，塑料一方面被外部加热，另一方面塑料本身在压缩、剪切、搅拌的运动过程中，由于内磨擦力也产生了大量的热，在外力和内力的联合作用下，塑料温度逐渐增高，其物理状态也经历了玻璃态--高弹态--粘流态的变化，一般地说来，在加料段中主要是玻璃态，在螺杆螺纹逐渐减少的中间部分压缩段中，物料主要处于高弹状态，同时也逐渐的熔融，而物料到压缩段后部和化段作用处于粘流态了，这时我们称塑料已完全塑化了，由螺杆推力作用将塑化的塑料定压定量的从机头中挤出。

The disordered solid solution Al was obtained for Fe_(25)Al_(65)Ni_(10) mixture powder. The mechanical alloying of Fe_(0.25)Al_(0.75-x)Ni_x(x=0.05,0.175,0.25) mixture powders result in intermetallic compounds. The results of mechanical alloyed_(1-x)Ni_x (x=0.4,0.6) and (FeAl_3)_(1-x)Ni_x(x=0.1,0.3) mixture powders indicate that the ratio of iron and aluminum determines the formation of intermetallic compounds. The FeNi intermetallic compound, cerium oxide and one unidentified phase were obtained by mechanical alloying FeCeNi_3 and Ce_2 mixture powders.

对于合金化过程中的结构演变采用X射线衍射仪、DTA或DSC热分析仪、SEM进行分析，对Al-Fe-Ni和Ce-Fe-Ni两个三元系的机械合金化过程的研究表明：对于Al-Fe-Ni三元系来说，成分为Fe_(25)Al_(65)Ni_(10)的混合粉末经机械合金化后可生成非晶与纳米晶的混合物；球磨成分为Fe_(0.25)Al_(0.75-x)Ni_x(x=0.05，0.175，0.25)混合粉末，可形成Al_3Ni_2，AlFe_3，AlFe_(0.23)Ni_(0.77)，球磨成分为_(1-x)Ni_x(x=0.4，0.6)和(FeAl_3)_(1-x)Ni_x(x=0.1，0.3)混合粉末，Fe与Al比例相同时球磨所形成的金属间化合物也相同。

In this thesis, thermal effect on the optical properties of InGaN epilayer and InGaN LED was investigated.

本论文主要研究热制程对氮化铟镓磊晶薄膜，氮化铟镓/氮化镓发光二极体光学特性之影响。

Because that the middle and upper atmosphere is a complex system of coupling between the dynamics, photochemistry and radiation, in this project, we mainl study the effects of the interaction between the dynamics, photochemistry and radiation on gravity waves propagation in the mesosphere and low thermosphere by using a photochemical-dynamical gravity wave model.

由于中高层大气是光化、辐射和动力相互作用的复杂系统，本项目集中探讨了光化和辐射所造成的非绝热过程对中高层和低热层大气重力波的影响，着重对中层顶区大气重力波不稳定机制以及光化-动力学耦合过程进行研究，并把计算结果与观测进行比较。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。