热力学第一定律

Air-conditioning units must obey not only the first law but the second law as well.

空气调节装置不仅应遵守热力学第一定律，而且还应遵守热力学第二定律。

Parikh and Wilczek further refined and extended the thought of Keski-Vakkuri and Kraus, the radiation was explained as a tunneling process crossing the barrier of horizon, and in literatures the method is called Parikh-Wilczek tunneling method. In our paper, we further studied the effect of Hawking radiation of the apparent horizon of the dynamical spacetime, the FRW universe, and the thermodynamics of the apparent horizon of the dynamical black hole modes, the Vaidya black hole and the McVittie black hole.

更为重要的是，近年来联系于视界热力学一些新的性质被发现：Einstein方程在视界上可以作为热力学第一定律的形式出现；在Friedmann-Robertson-Walker宇宙表观视界上，时空动力学方程(Friedmann方程)也可以写成一个所谓的统一热力学第一定律的形式；局域定义的FRW宇宙表观视界，也存在着在Kodama矢量观测者看来的Hawking辐射效应。

Based on the first law of thermodynamics and the law of mass conservation, thermodynamic and dynamic models of the vane compressor have been developed by considering leakage, heat transfer etc.

本文在热力学第一定律及质量守恒定律的基础上，考虑了压缩过程的泄漏、传热等现象，建立了旋叶式压缩机工作过程的热力学模型和动力学模型。

There is another principle, independent of the first law and not derivable from it, that is the second law of thermodynamics.

在热力学第一定律之外还有其它定律制约着热功转换的效率。那就是热力学第二定理。

Understand the essence and expressions of the first law of thermodynamics

理解热力学第一定律的实质，掌握热力学第一定律及其表达式

Ecosystems and the laws of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

生态系统与热力学定律热力学第一定律说明，能量既不能被创造，也不能被破坏。

Deeply understand the essence and expressions of the first law of thermodynamics ; Using the expression of the first law to solve related problems occurred in practical project.

深刻理解热力学第一定律的实质，熟练掌握热力学第一定律的表达式。正确地利用热力学第一定律表达式解决工程实践中的有关问题。

Temperature, Simple Thermodynamic System, Work, heat and First Law of Thermodynamics, Ideal Gases, Engines, Refrigerators, and The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Reversibility and the Kelvin Temperature Scale, Entropy, Pure Substances, Phase Transitions, Statistical Mechanics, thermal Properties of Solids, Higher-Order Phase Transitions: Critical Phenomena.

温度、简单热力学系、功、热及热力学第一定律、理想气体、热机、致冷机及热力学第二定律、可逆性与Kelvin 温标、Entropy、纯物质、相转变、统计力学、固体的热性质、高阶相转变：临界现象。

Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, Simple Thermodynamic System, Work, Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory of the Ideal Gases, The Second Law of Thermodynamics, The Carnot Cycle and the Thermodynamic Temperature, Entropy, Phase Diagram of a Pure Substances, First-Order and Second-Order Phase Transitions, Introduction to Statistical Mechanics (including Partition for Canonical Ensemble, M-B 、 F-D 、 B-E distributions), Thermal Properties of Solids.

热物理 ( S0437)(3，0)/热力学( S0434)(3，0)温度及热力学第零定律，简单热力学系统，功，热及热力学第一定律，理想气体动力论，热力学第二定律，卡诺循环与热力学温标，熵，纯物质的相图，一阶与二阶相变，统计力学简介(包括：正则系综的配分函数，马克斯威尔-玻兹曼分布，费米-狄拉克分布，玻色-爱因斯坦分布等)，固体的热性质。

The First Law of thermodynamics and exergy analysis method were used to construct factors such as coefficient of performance , exergy efficiency and exergy index according to the AHT combined Carnot cycle model established. Aimed at the insufficient of the classical thermodynamics analysis method, the optimization relationships between the specific heating load and operating parameters, and between SHL and COP, was reasoned out using the Finite Time Thermodynamics method according to the characteristic of investment and capacity of AHT, and endo-reversible combined Carnot cycle model. Hence, the rationality of the energy utilization and the economic index, which related to the total heat transfer area, were both taken into account.

首先利用热力学第一定律分析法和〓分析方法，按照建立的吸收式热变换器理想联合卡诺模型，构建包括性能系数、热力学效率、〓效率、〓指数在内的吸收式热变换器热力学评价体系；然后针对经典热力学分析方法的不足，根据热变换器的功能、投资等方面的特点，按照内可逆联合卡诺模型，利用有限时间热力学理论方法，导出了吸收式热变换器比供热率与操作参数、比供热率与热力学性能系数的优化关系，从而使优化结果兼顾了系统用能的合理性和与总传热面积相关的反映设备投资回报的经济性指标。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。