热力学温度

An engine cyclic variation model has been built by using the residual gas temperature for the n-th cycle as the input of the model, through constant pressure intake process, adiabatic compression process, constant volume combustion process, adiabatic expansion process, adiabatic blow down process and constant pressure exhaust process to approximate the thermodynamic processes in the cylinder, finally the residual gas temperature for the (n+1)-th cycle can be estimated.

基于循环间变动的排气温度建立了一个发动机循环变动模型。在这个模型中，第n个循环的排气温度作为模型的输入，通过定压进气过程、绝热压缩过程、定容燃烧过程、绝热膨胀过程、定容放热过程和定压排气过程来近似汽缸内的热力学过程，最后得出第n+1个循环的排气温度。

In our generalized canonical ensemble for finite number of particles, all fundamental thermodynamic quantities fluctuate, including the entropy and temperature, and all fluctuations are gradually vanishing as the temperature itself approaches zero.

然后我们区分了温度涨落本身和作为强度量的温度涨落这两个物理量。在热力学极限下，我们的理论能回复到所有合理的结果，包括作为强度量的温度涨落都能给出通常的结果。

In the one half part, according to the strontium nature, thermodynamic calculation of correlative reaction and the principle of the vacuum aluminothermy reduction process, with the laboratory findings of preparation strontium by vacuum aluminothermy reduction compared and analyzed in different parameter conditions, a variety of factors which effect the decomposition rate of SrCO_3 and the percent reduction of strontia are gotten out. The factors include that the decomposition rate of SrCO_3 is influenced by different addition and pressure. They also include that the percent reduction of strontia is influenced by excess coefficient of reducing agent aluminium powder, the particle size of raw material or reducing agent, the pressure of barbecuing, temperature and reduction time. According to those, we can draw the conclusion as follows:(1) Decomposition temperature of SrCO_3 is decreased by adding carbon and alumina in different degree.(2) With quantitative carbon added under the vacuum condition, the decomposition temperature of SrCO_3 is decreased obviously, which can fall 150℃ compared with atmospheric pressure.(3) In keeping 1150℃ of 2.5h, under the 5Pa vacuum condition, the decomposition rate of SrCO_3 nearly keeps in 99% steadily.

在前半部分的真空铝热还原法中，根据锶的性质、相关反应的热力学计算及真空铝热还原法原理，通过对不同参数条件下的真空铝热还原法生产金属锶的实验结果的分析比较，得出了影响SrCO_3的分解率和氧化锶的还原率的种种因素，具体因素包括不同添加剂、不同气压对SrCO_3分解率的影响，还原剂铝粉的过量系数、原料与还原剂的粒度、制团压力、温度和还原时间等对氧化锶还原率的影响，得出具体结论如下：(1)添加碳和Al_2O_3能不同程度的降低SrCO_3的分解温度；(2)真空条件下加入一定量的碳可显著降低SrCO_3的分解温度，比之常压下可降低150℃之多；(3)在1150℃恒温2.5h、真空度达到5Pa的条件下，SrCO_3的分解率几乎保持稳定在99％；(4)氧化锶的还原率随还原剂过量系数的增大而增大，但是趋势越来越小，当过量系数超过25％后，氧化锶的还原率几乎不再增加；(5)氧化锶的还原率随原料与还原剂的粒度的变细而增加；(6)氧化锶的还原率随制团压力的增加而增加，但超过一定值后，氧化锶的还原率反而会下降；(7)氧化锶的还原率随还原温度的升高而增加；(8)氧化锶的还原率随还原时间延长而增加，在本实验条件下，超过2.5h趋于稳定。

Theoretical Part: Through theoretical analysis of chemothermodynamics, combustion and engineering thermodynamics, factors that affect explosion limit were determined, which include temperature, pressure, spark ignition energy, electrode shape, direction of flame propagation and size of explosion vessel.

理论部分：根据化学热力学、燃烧学和工程热力学的基础理论，从本质上定性地分析了爆炸极限的影响因素，包括温度、压力、爆炸容器的大小、点火能量大小、以及火焰传播方向等，得出了这些影响因素对爆炸极限的影响规律，以确保实验有完整的理论基础指导；在此基础上本文提出了一种新的推算在常温常压下可燃性纯质和混合工质制冷剂爆炸极限浓度的理论方法，该方法由可燃性气体的化学组成来推算上下限浓度，不需要其它条件；对混合工质制冷剂，只要再知道混合配比，即可以推算出爆炸极限，使预测爆炸极限的工作更简单、方便。

Using the data dealing method for the saturated solubility, thermodynamic properties of Fe-C-Cr melt were calculated and the temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties also obtained, and the thermodynamic analysis of de-carbonization with blowing oxygen was carried out while medium carbon and low carbon ferrochrome were smelted using high carbon ferrochrome with converter practice.

利用碳饱和溶解度数据处理方法，计算了Fe－C－Cr熔体的热力学性质，得到Cr对C的话度相互作用系数与温度的关系式，并分析了高碳铬铁转炉法吹炼中低碳铬铁时吹氧脱碳的热力学行为。

Based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, entropy generation theory is applied to establish vortex tube model.

根据热力学定律，采用最小熵产分析方法，建立了涡流管的热力学模型，得出了产生所需冷热端温度同最小压比之间的函数关系，并在h—s图上表示出涡流管能量分离热力过程。

To control the interface reactions of SiC/Al composites effectively during preparation, the paper summarized the possible interface reactions. Based on Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions, used the basic thermodynamic data, the paper also calculated the variable Gibbs free energy of the reactions under the different temperature.

为有效控制SiC/Al复合材料制备过程中的界面反应，分析了SiC/Al复合材料可能发生的界面反应，并基于Gibbs-Helmholtz方程式和化学反应的热力学平衡条件，应用基本热力学数据，计算了反应标准Gibbs自由能随温度的变化值。

On the basis of the Tin reverberator smelting thermodynamics process computer simulation model,the research was taken in what influences the smelting temperature,tin tenor in roasted product and reduction coal ca- pacity would do to the distribution of the main elements or components just like Pb,Zn,C,O in the grossly tin,slag and gas phase.

利用已建立的锡反射炉熔炼热力学过程计算机模型，首次研究了熔炼温度、焙砂锡品位及还原煤量对Sn、Fe、Pb、Zn、C等元素或组分分别在粗锡、炉渣及炉气相中分配行为的影响。模拟结果表明，熔炼反应最佳温度为1500K，当到达这一温度后，再提高炉温对反应过程的优化并无明显贡献，提高入炉焙砂的锡品位及还原煤量均对提高粗锡品位及锡回收率有利

Their thermodynamic functions in the temperature range of 100～1200 K were calculated on the basis of statistical thermodynamic principles and their detonation performances were predicted by means of the Kamlet-Jacobs equations.

基于统计热力学原理计算拟合了100～1200 K温度范围内体系的热力学函数，利用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算了它们的爆轰性能。

Applying the thermodynamic model, the temperature and the critical grain size of phase transformation can be predicted precisely for the nanocrystalline materials.

在应用界面膨胀模型和普适状态研究纳米晶界面热力学特性的基础上，发展了纳米晶整体材料热力学函数的计算模型，给出了以纳米晶界面上的原子分数作为权重的纳米晶体单相材料的焓、熵、自由能随界面过剩体积、温度以及晶粒尺寸发生变化的明确表达式。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。