热力学

The plasma ignition threshold of metal is got through experimental and numerical study. The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air .

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值210倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q－YAG激光器（波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns），靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随著波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

The third is helpful for people to analyze and explore the unknown things in our universe, such as the evolvement of early universe, the inner structure of neutron stars, the non-conservation of baryons and unclear matter in the university, and so on. QGP is an exploring matter,which comes from hadron matters through deconfinement phase transition. If the existence of QGP is confirmed, not only people will know a new matter, but also a great improvement in the basic physical conception will come.

这可简单概括为：其一是探索在夸克层次上的一种新的物质形态；其二表现在通过对系统集体行为研究进一步检验在夸克层次上的动力学和发展相应的热力学；其三是有助于人们对宇宙中一些未解之谜的分析和研究，如早期宇宙的演化，中子星内部结构，宇宙中的重子数不守恒和暗物质等问题。

This work is useful to improve the thermodynamic model for salt lake brine systems containing Lithium and borates and to make utilization of the resources in salt lake.

对完善含锂、硼盐湖卤水体系的热力学模型和盐湖资源的综合开发利用具有重要的意义。

With . Apply the formula for the thermodynamic potential of an ensemble of free bosons

其中，。对自由玻色子系宗的热力学势应用该公式

Eleven α-V-group cation-substituted toluenes (1) and acetophenones (2)were synthesized. The equilibrium acidities of these compounds were determined indimethyl sulfoxide solution by the "Overlapping Indicator Method" and the homolytic C-Hbond dissociation energies were derived from a thermodynamic cycle combining pKawith oxidation potential of carbanion.

合成了α-位有第V、Ⅵ主族元素杂正离子取代基的甲苯系列（1）和苯乙酮系列（2）共11个Ylide前体化合物，用重迭指示剂法首次测定了其在二甲亚矾溶剂中的酸性解离常数PKa，同时结合碳负离子氧化电位的测定，通过热力学循环估测了它们的气相均裂键能。

The effects of the a-positively charged groups on thethermodynamic stabilities of sixteen Ylide carbanions and the corresponding Ylide-l...

根据这些PKa和BDE数据，对16个Ylide前体化合物的C－H键的均裂能和异裂能进行了比较，并讨论了a-杂正离子取代基对相关的Ylide和类-Ylide自由基的热力学稳定性的影响及结构效应

Based on the theoretical analysis and exprimental results, alloy C was finally determined as the matrix alloy of laser cladded layer.

研究表明，激光熔覆条件下，Ni和Al反应合成以Ni〓Al为基的涂层组织在热力学上是可能的。

In the thesis, a mathematical simulation model is developed to describe the low-temperature multi-effect distillation configuration, including the low temperature multi-effect distiller, the preheater, the condenser, the flashing box and the thermal vapor compress, which considers the boiling point elevation and the temperature losses in the demister and vapor transmission lines.

本文建立了描述低温多效蒸馏海水淡化系统，包括的蒸发器、预热器、冷凝器、闪蒸罐和喷射器的热力过程数学模型，模型考虑了盐水沸点升高、蒸汽在除沫器和管道中流动因摩擦引起的温差损失在内的多种热力学损失。

From the governing equations satisfying the balance between pressure gradient force, inertial centrifugal force and viscous force, the threedimensional velocities of tornado are obtained, and then its funnel structure is depictured theoretically. It shows that the funnel structure consists of vertex flow and jet flow.

本文用气压梯度力、惯性离心力、黏性力三力平衡的柱坐标下的大气动力和热力学方程组，求龙卷风的三维速度场，从理论上绘制出龙卷风的三维漏斗型结构。

The research development of the principle of absorbing/desorbing hydrogen, the effect of the catalyst type and preparing process, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of absorbing/desorbing hydrogen are reviewed.

本文着重阐述了两种络合铝氢化物的吸放氢原理，掺杂催化剂的类型和制备工艺的影响以及吸放氢热力学和动力学等方面的研究进展。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷