热力学

Standard combustion heat is it is with products of combustion consult the relative value of content, because this has pair of products of combustion to make strict provision only, heat becomes ability enkindle useful thermodynamic data.

标准燃烧热则是以燃烧产物为参照物的相对值，因此只有对燃烧产物做严格的规定，才能使燃烧热成为有用的热力学数据。

From this model, a simple equation of excess enthalpy which is composed of the physical and chemical contributions is obtained.

提出了一个醇与烃混合的热力学模型，据此，得到了一个简单的超额焓方程，它由物理和化学贡献两部分组成。

Therefore extensively speaking, the theories of EOS are also the theories on thermodynamic properties of substance system.

所以广义上说，EOS理论也就是关于物质系统热力学性质的理论。

Based on the thermodynamic analysis of heat transfer process between water jet and the blade surface, the differential equations of heat convection and differential equation of steady heat conduction between water jet and the blade surface are established. Power expression of heat exchange and temperature field expression of the blade are derived.

根据对水射流与刀片间传热过程的热力学分析分别建立了水射流与刀片表面对流换热微分方程组和热源与刀片间的稳态导热微分方程，推导出水射流对刀片的换热功率表达式和刀片内温度场表达式。

The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when 210 generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air.

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值2~(10)倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q—YAG激光器(波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns)，靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随着波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

This equation refltects that the law of motion of statistical thermodynamics is stochasitc, but not deterministic.

这个方程反映了统计热力学的运动规律是随机性的而非确定性的。

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of parameters, such as ionic strength, pH, equilibrium time and initial cadmium concentration.

考察离子强度、pH值、温度和镉初始浓度对吸附的影响，并进行相应的动力学与热力学计算。

The adsorption of the materials on both resins showed a favorable characteristic, and adsorption capacity increased with the increase of equilibrium concentration, and decreased with the increase of solution temperature.

本研究主要从吸附热力学和动力学方等方面就苯酚、水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸和2，6-二羟基苯甲酸等有机物质在NDA-800和NDA-90超高交联吸附树脂上的吸附作用及传质过程进行了研究，以期为超高交联吸附树脂在该类精细化工生产废水治理与资源化中的应用提供一定理论基础。

From our calculation results, it is found that Local Thermal Equilibrium condition is valid fro the present case.

从测量的谱线半高宽，利用局部热力学平衡理论，得到了等离子体电子温度随时间变化exp指数规律。

Conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium for homogenous and heterogenous systems.

在同质和异质系统下的热力学平衡情形。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。