点粒子

The scattering properties of particles with different shape parameters are simulated respectively in the modes of reflection and refraction. Both in the modes of reflection and refraction, the phase difference of non-spherical particle's PDA signal is the unbiased estimate of the corresponding phase difference of ideal spherical particle, and the standard deviation of angle roughness scale on particle surface impacts little on the distribution of phase difference.

本文通过物理光学的方法分析了非理想球形粒子的散射特性，利用物理光学中的稳相点理论，导出了非理想球形粒子散射光的相位表达形式，分析了非理想球形粒子的形状对PDA信号相位及相位差的影响，建立了非理想球形粒子的尺寸分布与PDA信号相位差分布之间的关系。

These dazzling patterns in nature, called aurora australis in the Southern Hemisphere, are created when charged particles outside the Earth's atmosphere collide with atoms in the upper atmosphere, producing a glowing display of curtains, arcs, and bands stretching across the sky.

这些眼花缭乱的模式在自然界，在南半球叫南极光，其创造是带点粒子在地球大气的外面和原子相碰撞在上层大气，产生一个通红的门帘的显示，弧形，和线索延伸横过天空。

The approach is based on the principle that the a pa rticle will form double points on the image plane when the particle is out of fo cus in an optical system with a two pinhole lens.

该方法是当利用双孔透镜成像时，单点粒子在离焦光学成像系统中会形成包含粒子空间信息的两点像，根据粒子像在像平面上的位置和间距可以获取空间粒子的三维空间位置。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

We have done some exploratory work from several aspects to generalize the Brownian motor to the more real situation: The model which molecular motor has internal degree of freedom; The track on which the Brownian particle moves cannot be completely ordered and contain certain amount of disorder, the model is rocking ratchets with stochastic potentials; A two-dimensional ratchet model with a non-conservative force to realize the coupling between the mechanical and chemical processes.

目前大多数的研究工作是把分子马达抽象为一维的点粒子，我们在推广布朗马达到更真实的方向上开展了以下几个侧面的研究分子马达动力学行为的探索性工作：分子马达具有内部结构的电偶极子模型；考虑分子马达的轨道不规则、不光滑的摇摆棘轮模型；提出一个具有非保守脉冲力场的二维棘轮模型。

The relationship between physico-chemical properties of nano-CaCO〓 and surface treating technology was studied. The results showed the coating model of micron CaCO〓 was not suitable to nano-CaCO〓. The influence of dosage of treatment agent on nano-CaCO〓 dispersion degree in matrix was studied, the results indicated it only need to passivate some active zone on nano-CaCO〓 surface.

研究结果表明，微米粒子的表面包覆活化理论不适宜用来指导纳米粒子的表面处理，在对纳米碳酸钙进行表面处理时，不需要在纳米碳酸钙表面形成完整的包覆层，只需对纳米粒子表面的部分活性点进行钝化即可，即纳米碳酸钙表面有限钝化。

Some metaphysicians contend that the relation between the lump and the statue, on the one hand, and the relation between Tib and Tibbles, on the other, cannot be fully understood in terms of the concepts of parthood and identity, but require a further concept, a non-mereological concept, the concept of "constitution": the pre-existent lump at a certain point in time comes to constitute the statue (or a certain quantity of gold or certain gold atoms that first constituted only the lump come to constitute them both); pre-existent Tib at a certain point in time comes to constitute Tibbles (or certain cat-flesh or certain molecules …).

一些形上学家承认在金块和雕像之间、Tib和Tibbles之间的关系，这些关系不能完全根据"parthood"和" identity"的概念进行理解，而必须要一个进一步的概念，一个non-mereological的概念，"构成"的概念：先在存在的金块在时间中的某个点构成了雕像（或，一定数量的金子或金粒子首先构成了金块，继而构成了这两个。）先在的Tib在某个时间点开始构成了Tibbles（或某些确定的猫肉、粒子等等）。

Result 1 Magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles modified with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of human telomerase reverse transcriptase induced HL-60 tumor cells to apoptosis, we could see typical morphologic change of apoptosis cells: karyopyknosis, chromation"s condensing and aggregation in nuclear, forming crescent-shaped or annulus structures to lean on edge of cell nucleus"s membrane and posing apoptosis body by Atomic Force Microscope, Fluorescence microscope, transmission electron Microscope 2 There was a significant difference compared with control group(p.01), inhibition ratio had significant positive correlation with medication dosage and time ;during 0.8-8μM dosage amplitude, inhibition ratio accrescenced by dosages increasing. However, the inhibition ratio would decrease when dosage over 8-80μM.

结果 1 磁性纳米粒子、修饰有端粒酶反义寡核苷酸的磁性纳米粒子诱导HL-60细胞发生凋亡，原子力显微镜、光学显微镜、荧光显微镜和透射电镜下均观察到HL-60细胞呈现典型的凋亡细胞的形态变化：细胞核固缩，核内染色质浓缩、凝聚、形成新月形或环状结构紧靠在细胞核膜边缘，并形成凋亡小体。2 磁性纳米粒子、修饰有端粒酶反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸的磁性纳米粒子对HL-60肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖有明显的抑制作用，与对照组相比有显著性差异(p＜0.01)，在剂量为0.8-8μmol／L范围内，抑制率随剂量的增加而增加，当剂量超过8μmol／L时，抑制率反而下降；3 磁性纳米粒子、修饰有端粒酶反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸的磁性纳米粒子可增强p53基因的表达活性，引起DNA降解损伤，反向调节细胞周期活动，促使细胞从G0期进入G1期，抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。4 修饰有端粒酶反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸的量子点能通过内吞作用进入HL-60肿瘤细胞的细胞核，可以在细胞内进行定位和促进HL-60肿瘤细胞的凋亡。

From this point of view, we investigate the effect of the curvature energy and the compressibility energy on the emission of the prescission particle. The effect, acting together with the other one that the lower emission barrier facilitates the particle emission, leads to a different way to emit proton and α particle.

从这个角度，笔者研究了引入曲率能和压缩能影响断前粒子发射的效应，与发射位垒降低增强断前粒子发射的效应相作用，使断前质子和断前α粒子在基态到鞍点间出现了不同的发射规律。

The theoretical computations are performed under the assumption that the leptons are point particles.

理论计算是在假定轻子是点粒子的条件下完成的。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。