灾害

With the IAP Prediction System of Short-term Climate Anomaly, two sets of seasonal and extra-seasonal ensemble hindcasts have been performed during the period of 1980～1994 in order to assess the prediction skill of the IAP PSSCA with two different schemes The difference of the two schemes is in the different version of AGCM used, with the IAP AGCM 1 1 in one scheme and the IAP AGCM 1 2 with an improved surface albedo parameterization in the other Comparisons of the hindcast results with the observations show that IAP PSSCA is capable of predicting the precipitation anomaly to some extent In the eastern China largely affected by Asian monsoon and SST anomalies, the prediction skill is relatively high, especially in the Southeastern China where the anomaly correlation coefficient can reach as high as 0 50 in the severe flood and drought years This may suggest that the possible mechanisms for these severe disasters have been well captured by the IAP PSSCA The prediction skill is higher for the modified model AGCM 1 2 as the model's climatological state is well simulated This indicates that models with reasonable land process will improve the prediction skill for short-term climate prediction

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统，种版本的大气环流模式：AGCM 1.1和AGCM 1.2，分别以2月11～19日的9天大气观测值为初始场，以给定海温为边界场，对1980～1994年的15年的降水异常进行了两组集合后报试验。对试验结果进行定量评估表明：IAP PSSCA对降水异常具有一定的预测能力，特别是在中国东部受东亚季风及海温异常影响的地区，IAP PSSCA具有较高的预报技巧，其中以东南区域(包括江淮流域和华南地区)最高，尤其是对有洪涝灾害的降水异常年，距平相关系数在0.50左右，接近可供业务使用的要求，说明模式能够抓住在东亚季风区存在的某种物理机制，从而提高了这一地区的预报技巧；另外，两个大气环流模式相比，改进了地表反照率的AGCM 1.2的15年集合平均预测技巧略高于AGCM 1.1，特别是在华北地区，预测效果有明显提高，这表明改进地表反照率从而改进了模式的气候平均态的模拟，能提高气候模式的预测能力，说明较好的陆面过程引入模式对短期气候预测是有益的。

The previous studies were mostly based on the hydrological method, hydrodynamic method and experiential method and so on.

目前水沙灾害的主要研究方法有：资料分析的方法、地学的方法、水文学的方法、水动力学的方法等。

To forecast the possibility of tunnel discharge disaster, seven kinds of common ions of the spring in the tunnel site and the tunnel discharge, were taken as the research object. Then used fuzzily gathers analysis method to determine the corresponding fuzzy equivalent matrixs Ro=ro(subscript ijo(subscript n×n) and carried the fifteen samples on reasonable classification.

为预测随道发生涌突水灾害的可能性，以隧址区泉水样及遂道内涌水样中的7种常见离子为研究对象，采用模糊聚类分析方法确定相应的模糊等价矩阵R°=r°(下标 ij°将所取15个水化学样进行合理分类。

Because we can't control the disaster source in some years of the future, we can only decrease the losses through diminishing the vulnerability of the disaster affected bodies. But the vulnerability can't be diminished illimitably because of the limit of some condition, like fund. So, we must research how to get the largest safeguard through the fewest investment. The base of this kind of study is risk assessment.

在未来若干年中，人类还不可能控制灾害源和灾害载体，只能通过减少承灾体的易损性来减轻水灾对人类生命财产构成的威胁，但由于资金等条件的限制，人类又不可能无止境地减少易损性，这就必须探索怎样能以最少的投入获得最大的安全保障，这些工作的基础就是风险评估。

Geographic Information System, an advanced technology, integratescomputer science, informatics, geography and others. It has been widely used innatural resource development, environmental protection, city planning, disastermonitoring and evaluation, etc. Capacity spectrum method is an approach of simplifying the structural dynamicanalysis.

地理信息系统是一门集计算机科学、信息学、地理学等多门科学为一体的新兴学科，由于其能快速、方便管理海量数据的特点，已被广泛应用于资源开发、环境保护、城市规划建设和灾害监测与评估等领域。

The painful lessons learned from the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake further indicate that earthquake disaster prevention is an effective way to mitigate earthquake disasters under the premise that earthquake prediction is still an insolvable problem or unreliable.

汶川8.0级地震的惨痛教训进一步说明，在地震预报不过关或还不可靠的前提下，震灾预防是减轻地震灾害的最有效途径。

Mechanism of Gas mass transmission of rotating jet will be researched though a serial of synthetic and intersectant research methods and technique route such as theoretical analysis, experimental research, computer data processing and industrial experiment etc. It will be applied to the fields of gas control in the mine.

通过理论分析、热成像实验研究、计算机数据处理和现场试验等综合交叉研究方法和技术路线，综合研究了旋转径向射流排放瓦斯的传质机理，并将其应用于煤矿井下的瓦斯灾害领域。

ZHOUSHAN maritime space of archipelago scattering and gullet intervein lies in median latitude, which has complex terrain geographic and atmosphere-sea electrophoresis and has frequency gale doubtless weather.

群岛散布、水道纵横交错的舟山海域地处中纬度地带，具有复杂的地理环境和大气海洋现象，大风灾害天气频繁。

In the development of the FOG, OFDA has drawn on several sources for information, including: the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Handbook for Emergencies; the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Field Handbook; the World Health Organization booklet New Emergency Health Kit; the United Nations Children's Fund handbook entitled Assisting in Emergencies; the U.S. State Department's Bureau for Population, Refugees, and Migration Assessment Manual for Refugee Emergencies; the U.S. Public Health Service Handbook of Environmental Health; reference materials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the University of Wisconsin's Disaster Management Center, and InterWorks; USAID policies and directives; information from the Office of Food for Peace; and OFDA procedures, files, and staff expertise.

手册》的发展过程中，对外灾难援助办公室采用了几个信息来源，包括：联合国难民事务高级专员的应急手册；联合国人权事务协调处的联合国灾害评估和协调手册；世界卫生组织手册中的新急救工具包；联合国儿童基金手册中辅助急救的部分；美国人口、难民和劳工局难民紧急需求评估手册；关于环境卫生的美国公共卫生服务手册；来自如威斯康星州大学灾难管理中心和INTERWORKD 等灾难控制和预防中心；美国国际发展局国外灾难救援办公室的指导方针；食品与和品办公室的资料信息以及美国对外灾难援助办公室的程序、文件和专家意见。

In the development of the FOG, OFDA has drawn on several sources for information, including: the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Handbook for Emergencies; the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Field Handbook; the World Health Organization booklet New Emergency Health Kit; the United Nations Children's Fund handbook entitled Assisting in Emergencies; the U.S. State Department's Bureau for Population, Refugees, and Migration Assessment Manual for Refugee Emergencies; the U.S. Public Health Service Handbook of Environmental Health; reference materials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the University of Wisconsin's Disaster Management Center, and InterWorks; USAID policies and directives; information from the Office of Food for Peace; and OFDA procedures, files, and staff expertise.

手册》的发展过程中，对外灾难援助办公室采用了几个信息来源，包括：联合国难民事务高级专员的应急手册；联合国人权事务协调处的联合国灾害评估和协调手册；世界卫生组织手册中的新急救工具包；联合国儿童基金手册中辅助急救的部分；美国人口、难民和劳工局难民紧急需求评估手册；关于环境卫生的美国公共卫生服务手册；来自如威斯康星州大学灾难管理中心和INTERWORKD 等灾难控制和预防中心；美国国际开发署的指导方针；食品与和平办公室的资料信息以及美国对外灾难援助办公室的程序、文件和专家意见。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。