灾害

The urban disaster risk management, urban hazards and compositional factors of urban disaster risk are analyzed and studied.

对城市灾害风险管理以及城市灾害和城市灾害风险的构成要素进行了分析研究，从构成要素角度解析了城市灾害的形成和城市灾害风险的形成。

Sea ice severe degree and disaster in Bohai Sea from 1950 through 2007 promulgated by State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China has been summarized. According to these reports and bulletins involved with sea ice severe degree and disaster, the statistical means of 5-year moving average are applied, the feedback of sea ice disaster to the societal activity in every National Five-year Plan has been exhibited, the relation between sea ice disaster and sea ice severe degree has been quantificationally analyzed. Some conclusions have been derived as follows: sea ice disaster appeared proportionably to industrial activity and sea ice severe degree, but inverse proportionnably to the understandings of cognition of defending in sea ice disasters; so that the weaken sea ice conditions could not inevitably result in the loosening of sea ice disaster.

通过归纳整理1950年以来渤海海冰冰情等级以及国家海洋局公报内的海冰灾害，并应用五年滑移平均，以反映中国"五年计划"的社会活动与海冰灾害之间的响应，定量分析海冰灾害发生率同海冰冰情等级的关系，发现工业活动的频繁程度同海冰灾害发生率成正比；人类重视程度同海冰灾害发生率成反比；海冰冰情等级与海冰灾害发生率成正比；当海冰冰情等级减轻时，海冰灾害发生率并不一定减少。

According to the relevant datums and field investigations, the paper makes No. 316 national highway in South region as research region to analyze the conditions of inoculating disasters and slope s transform destruction model and draws such conclusions:(1)Many factors such as terrain, geomorphic, lithosome and solum character, geologic structure, neotectonic movement, rainfall condition, groundwater trait, anthropokinetic and so on influence on the study region, which make the geological disasters occurred frequently and generate enormous hazards.(2)The geological disasters have such distribution characteristics: terrain and tectonic make geological disasters development of osculating correlated property, relative concentrate property, packet property, periodic property and so on.

本文首先在搜集相关资料和野外调查的基础上，以陕南316国道公路为重点研究区，全面分析了研究区域内地质灾害的孕灾条件与斜坡变形破坏模式，得到了以下认识：(1)研究路段地质灾害的发生发展主要受控于区内地形地貌、岩土体特性、地质构造与新构造运动、降雨条件、地下水特征及人类工程活动等因素：(2)研究路段发育滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和危险斜坡等四种地质灾害，具有如下的分布特征：地势与构造对地质灾害发育的密切相关性、相对集中性、群发性、周期性等；(3)研究路段斜坡地质灾害主要有六种变形破坏模式分别为：顺层滑动破坏、蠕滑—拉裂变形破坏、弯曲—拉裂—剪断破坏、旋转式滑移—拉裂破坏、楔形体滑动破坏、堆积层沿基岩面的滑动破坏模式，而且斜坡灾害的变形破坏往往是多种模式的组合。

The aims of disaster study and risk study are tent to unanimousness, both will offer the theoretical basis for sustainable development models. Regional safety construction based on disaster study is converting into regional risk management system based on risk study. So the authors consider that sustainable development model is the regional development model under a certain risk level, and the risk level relies on the regional safety construction level that integrates the regional economic level and social cultural system. Strengthening subject construction of disaster and risk study in China, national laboratory construction, and organization and practice of key items are imperative. And we should put the study emphasis on the vulnerability assessment system and models, risk assessment system and models, disaster and risk management mode of typical region, disaster and risk emergency control scenario, disaster and risk regions.

灾害与风险研究的目标正在趋向一致，都集中在为可持续发展模式提供科学依据；基于灾害研究的区域安全建设正在向基于风险研究的区域风险管理体系转变，由此认为可持续发展模式就是接受一定风险水平条件下的区域发展模式，一定风险水平依赖于由区域经济水平与社会文化体系相关联的区域安全建设水平；加强我国灾害与风险科学研究的学科建设、国家实验室建设、重大项目的组织与实施已势在必行；重点开展灾害脆弱性评价体系与评价模型、风险评价体系与风险评价模型、典型区域灾害与风险管理范式、灾害与风险应急控制预案、灾害与风险区划等方面的研究。

In recent years, there has occurred many natural and artificial disasters domestic and outside continuously, not only cause the loss of all the people, but also threaten the safety of life. However when the disaster occurs, the urgent matter must the mobilization disaster relief personnel, rescue the equipment and fall as far as possible the disaster to lightly. The fast set out, effectiveness and disciplinal disaster relief unit, must be the military army. Depend on the army join to support disaster relief in several international serious disasters, then lets the entire disaster relief motion complete smoothly, and reduce damage and disaster to the smallest. Therefore, it takes the thorough research to improve the response capability of disaster relief in army.

中文摘要在近几年中，国内、外接连不断发生了许多天然、人为的灾害，不仅造成人民财产的损失，生命安全亦受到威胁，然而当灾害发生时，当务之急应当快速的动员救灾人员、装备抢救，尽可能将灾害降到最轻，而能够快速出动、有效率、有纪律支援的救灾单位，非军事部队莫属，且在国际上几次严重的大灾害中，都藉由军队加入支援紧急救灾，才让整个救灾的行动顺利完成，并将损伤、灾害减到最小，因此在本文中对於如何提升国军紧急救灾的应变能力作深入的研究。

Landslide hazard is one of the most serious and frequent natural hazards. Each year it causes a loss up to billions of dollars in the whole world. This hazard gives great damages to the country and people's lives and properties. And they are the very single--landslides that lead to the loss directly. So, in front of the serous landslide hazard, in order to measure the influence of hazard on life and property a risk assessment theory needs to be applied to. At the same time, Lijiaxia landslide which is in Long area, Shan Xi province, is unstable and imperiling life and property at present, so it is very necessary to make a risk assessment.

滑坡灾害是地质灾害中最为常见且危害严重的灾种之一，每年因滑坡灾害造成的损失数以亿计，给国家和人民生命财产带来巨大损失，产生严重社会影响，而最直接造成损失的，正是一个个的单体滑坡，因此，面对严重的滑坡灾害，为合理确定并评价滑坡灾害对生命财产的影响尺度，需研究和应用单体滑坡风险评价理论和方法；同时，作为单体滑坡的陕西省陇县李家下滑坡目前处于不稳定状态，且威胁到当地居民的生命财产安全，对其进行风险评价尤为重要。

In the paper, the author selects 11 index, and uses the method of fuzzy cluster analysis for regionalizing landslide and debris flow hazard in Jinsha River Basin of Yunnan Province.

选取11个指标，运用模糊聚类方法进行了云南金沙江流域滑坡泥石流灾害区划，将该流域划分为3个滑坡泥石流灾害区、9个滑坡泥石流灾害亚区，揭示了该流域滑坡泥石流灾害的地域差异性，为因地制宜地制定滑坡泥石流灾害防治规划及减灾防灾措施提供了科学依据。

According to the dynamic setting,characteristics,harm and distribution of geological hazards,the oil field geological hazards occurring in the basin may be divided into several types such as well casing damage,induced earthquakes,sand blasting and water and oil spouting at the surface and ground cracks,and the characteristics and distribution of various oilfield geological hazards in the Bohai Gulf basin are discussed.

根据灾害发生的动力学环境、灾害的特征、灾害的危害及灾害的分布规律，将油田地质灾害分为油水井套管损坏、诱发地震、地表冒砂喷水油等多种类型，并论述了各类的特征及分布。

On the basis of the study of the earthquake psychological factors, the article explores the course of disaster psychology generation、 the factors of disaster psychological trauma、 the dynamic generated mechanisms of earthquake psychology and by using the data of Tangshan earthquake、 Xiuyan earthquake、 the Indian Ocean tsunami, the paper studies the relevance of earthquake and the psychological trauma and reveals the intrinsic link between earthquake disasters and disaster psychology.

在研究了地震灾害心理的影响因素的基础上，从时间进程、生成过程、影响因素三个方面探讨了地震灾害心理生成的动力学机制，并进一步分析了唐山地震、岫岩地震、印度洋地震海啸三次灾害的数据，对地震灾害同心理伤害的相关性进行了实证研究，揭示了地震灾害同灾害心理之间的内在联系和关系。(4)本文根据前述研究，结合地震灾害救灾实际，设计了地震灾害心理救助措施体系，提出了针对不同灾害心理类型的救助方法，最后讨论了我国开展灾

NEWS 5 灾害 The authorities in Congo Brazzaville say that they suspect that the Ebola virus may have caused the death of at least 38 people in the north of the country.

灾害 刚果布拉柴维尔政府称埃博拉病毒已经致使至少北部地区三十八人死亡。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。