灭绝的

As a matter of fact, a great number of animals and plants had extinct.

作为一个问题，事实上，大量的动物和植物已经灭绝。

Teddy: I know, and he thinks they spotted a very rare bird, which was thought to be extinct in this country.

泰迪：是啊。弟弟认为，他们看到的一种鸟十分罕有，据说在这个国家已经灭绝。

If an animal species can't born enough afterworld lives,it will die out .

一个动物物种如果不能在每一代生育足够数量的后代，那它就要灭绝。

If an animal species can not give birth to enough afterworld,it will be extincting.

一个动物物种如果不能在每一代生育足够数量的后代，那它就要灭绝。

Based on the analysis on brachiopod fossils of the late middle Permian,the brachiopod extinction in Pre-Lopingian event of late middle Permian in this area can be divided into two sub screens: the first screen in the end of earlier Wushisanti Subage a...

通过川渝地区中二叠世晚期的腕足动物化石资料的研究，表明本地区中二叠世晚期的乐平世事件中腕足动物的灭绝可划分为前后2个不同的次级幕：早期的五十三梯亚期之末的第一幕和晚期的倒钻岩亚期之末的第二幕，且第二幕的灭绝规模要比第一幕更大。

Based on the analysis on brachiopod fossils of the late middle Permian, the brachiopod extinction in The Lopingian event of late middle Permian in this area can he divided into two sub screens: the first screen in the end of earlier Wushisanti Subage and the second screen in the end of later Daozuanyan Subage. The second screen's extinct scope is larger than the first screen's.

通过川渝地区中二叠世晚期的腕足动物化石资料的研究，表明本地区中二叠世晚期的乐平世事件中腕足动物的灭绝可划分为前后2个不同的次级幕：早期的五十三梯亚期之末的第一幕和晚期的倒钻岩亚期之末的第二幕，且第二幕的灭绝规模要比第一幕更大。

First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end -Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life (little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family may consist of a few to thousands of species).

第一次大量物种灭绝（c.440 mya）：较为严重的突然全球变冷似乎先发生，然后就有了引起海洋物种显著变化的后奥陶纪的大量物种灭绝（当时很少或者根本没有生物在大路上生存），大约25%的物种科目消失了（一个物种科目可能含有几十到上千的物种）。

From the development of the Carboniferous reefs, the metazoan framework reefs and the reefs dominated by microbes and calcareous algae may be two parallelling evolution reef ecosystems. The development of the metazoan framework reefs after the extinction event reflects an obvious evolutionary lag time. The recovery of the reef-building communities dominated by microbes and calcareous algae became faster after the extinction event.

从石炭纪整个生物礁的发展情况来看，后生动物骨架礁与以微生物和钙藻为主导的生物礁或许是两个平行发展的礁系统，后生动物骨架礁的发展在大规模生物灭绝事件之后有明显的演化滞后现象，以钙藻和微生物为主导的造礁群落的复苏在生物灭绝事件之后更为迅速。

It is necessary to discuss about the climatic environmental and ecological backgrounds, which were suitable for animal fauna and plant developments and why and how the fauna extincted abruptly in an independent regional climate change frame.

以独立的气候环境变化和化石动物的年代序列为参照系，在区域环境变化的框架内讨论化石动物群生存的气候环境、生态特征和灭绝过程，进而探讨动物群演化及灭绝与气候环境变化的关系。

To make a comprehensive view of metapopulation researches, we folly analyze and summarize the present concepts, theories and models of metapopulation in this paper, which primarily includes the dynamical models and simulation approaches of single and competitive metapopulations. Based on the Levin's patch occupant model, the center framework of metapopulation researches, primary principles and mechanisms are discussed. First, Levins rule: the fraction of empty patch will remain constant with habitat destruction as long as metapopulation survives. This rule implies that empty patches have determinant effects on persistence and conservation. Second. Allee effect of metapopulation is incurred by establishing difficulties and dispersal costs, which is important to the studies of reserve area and the minimum available metapopulation size. Third, we analyze the rescue effect that immigrants can reduce the extinction risk of the presented local population. Rescue effect can leads to the improvement of metapopulation sustainability and the decrease of fraction of empty patches. Fourth, the coexistence mechanism of two competing metapopulation is discussed, which suggests that competition-colonization trade off may be prevalent in competing systems. Finally, extinction debt ob tamed from coexistence mechanism is given, which depicts the lost of species richness in the future for the current habitat destruction. After theoretical discussion, we present two popular simulated approaches in metapopulations: probability transition model and stochastic process model.

为了能总观集合种群进展的全局并开展进一步的工作，首先对集合种群的已有概念、理论和模型做了全面的分析和总结；其次对集合种群的发展和概念进行了探讨，以集合种群模型的中心框架：Levins的斑块占据模型为基础，展开对其它原理、效应和机制的探讨；主要包括了Levins原理，即当生境进到破坏时，空斑块比例在集合种群灭绝前保持不变，然后还分析了Allee效应（集合种群的Allee效应主要是由于建群困难和扩散损失造成的）；第三，分析了援救效应：迁人个体可以降低斑块中现有局域种群的灭绝风险，援救效应会增强集合种群的生存力，使空斑块比例下降第四，探讨了两竞争集合种群的共存机制，即竞争－侵占妥协，其共存机制为空间生境中物种共存提供了有力的理论解释。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷