灭绝的

1Niche construction can lead to stable coexistence of diverse genotypes in spatially structured population, which supports a stable polymorphism even without heterozygote superiority.(2)With habitat deterioration, niche construction accelerates the formation of steady polymorphism and hence impedes the harmful influences of environment on the population, which might embody a life-history strategy of organism under the unfavorable environment.(3)Niche construction results in the coexistence with alternative polymorphism through genotype-environment feedback and limited gene flow.(4)The niche-constructing organism is an active force to alter its environment and hence the direction of natural selection in order to better survival.(5)Spatial dynamics and distribution pattern of metapopulation are profoundly influenced by time-lagged niche construction.(6)Metapopulation size can reach a fixed level in the recency effect and equal weighting of time lag but is statistical stability in primacy effect, which implies the primacy effect is most remarkable.(7)The increment in the relative weightingof each generation\' niche construction and the length of time lag are significant factors for system destabilization.(8)Moderate capacity of positive niche construction benefits the metapopulation persistence.(9)The narrowing of niche breadth can decrease the metapopulation size and thereby increase the extinction risk.(10)The coupled function of time lag and niche construction make the system oscillation and generate the spiral wave, spiral-broken and circular wave in heterogeneous habitat.The spatial distributions of metapopulation and resource content are complementary due to a phase lag of their both frequencies.(12)Metapopulation persistence with niche construction depends not only on the balance between colonization and extinction, but also on the balance between the ability of niche construction and natural dissipation of habitat.(13)Metapopula-tion can survive under certain condition when the percent of suitable patches in habitat is lower than the ration of extinction to colonization.(14)Two thresholds exist in the process of transition of habitat quality dynamics from unsuitable to suitable, which include the intensity of niche construction and the initial condition of system.(15)Metapopulation size is positive correlated with the ability of positive niche construction, which means that organism or population who has strongly positive influences on their environment plays an important role to maintain the available habitat.

通过上述几个方面的研究，主要得出以下15条结论：(1)生态位构建可使空间结构种群，甚至是在没有杂合子优势的条件下，形成多种可能的稳定基因型分布模式；(2)随着环境的破坏与恶化，种群的生态位构建作用加速其较早形成稳定多态以阻碍环境对种群的不利影响，解释了有机体在不利环境下的一种生活史对策；(3)生态位构建作用通过基因型—环境反馈机制及有限的基因交流导致基因型多态的稳定共存；(4)有机体的生态位构建作用是一种积极的动力改变环境进而改变其自然选择的方向；(5)生态位构建的时滞作用对集合种群动态和空间分布产生深刻影响；(6)集合种群大小在时滞的崭新效应和等权重效应下达到一固定值，而在首位效应下达到统计稳定，表明首位效应的影响最显著；(7)首位效应下生态位构建相对权重的增量和时滞的长度是影响系统不稳定性动态的关键因素；(8)适中的生态位构建强度有利于集合种群的续存；(9)生态位宽度变窄会减少集合种群的数量从而增加其灭绝风险；(10)时滞和生态位构建的双重作用使系统产生周期振荡，并在异质性环境中产生稳定的螺旋波，破碎的螺旋波和环形波三种分布模式；(11)集合种群与资源含量的空间分布因为相滞而互补；(12)具有生态位构建的集合种群续存不仅取决于侵占率与灭绝率之间的平衡，而且依赖于生态位构建能力同其生境的自然消耗速率之间的妥协；(13)当生境中适合侵占的斑块比例小于其侵占率与灭绝率之比时，生态位构建作用促使集合种群在一定条件下续存：(14)生境斑块的状态从不适合到适合转变过程中存在生态位构建强度和系统初始条件这两个阈值；(15)集合种群的大小同正生态位构建能力正相关，意味着对环境具有较强正作用的有机体对维持有效生境起积极作用。

Past extinctions are clustered in geological time (e.g.significant extinction occurred in the permian and Permian and Pleistocene).

过去的灭绝聚集在地质时间中(如二叠纪和更新世出现的重大灭绝)。

Intriguingly, at just this time, a set of extinctions -- known as the Pliocene/Pleistocene extinctions -- is also known to have occurred.

令人惊奇的是，正是那个时候发生了一次大灭绝--即上新世／更新世大灭绝。

There are eight separate subspecies of tiger in the world, three of which are extinct and one of which is almost certain to become so in the near future.

世界上有8个不同的亚种老虎，其中3种已经灭绝，其中一种在不久的将来也将会灭绝。

Extinct [iks5tiNkt] The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once thrived.

再生的 蒂姆博尔响尾蛇现在已被列入濒临灭绝物种名单，并已在东部两个州灭绝，这种响尾蛇在这两个州曾一度繁盛。

My western comrades, how about not to mention the murderers in Tibet? That would be useful 20 years ago, but it is only sth disgusting now. Besides, as the posterity of those pirates and traders in human beings, don't you think it is a little forgetful for you to say that? In the past your forefathers made great efforts to massacre tens of millions of Indians to get the American continent. Oh wait, please do not mention the theory of 'variola depopulation'...even the black death was not strong enough to kill out your ancestors, how can variola do that? This theory is cheeky!

西方的同志们，不要再拿西藏的那些杀人犯来说事儿了，20年前也许还有点用，现在只能招人厌恶，再说了，身为强盗和人贩子的后代，你们说这些话有点数典忘祖，想当年，你们祖宗可是花了九牛二虎的力气灭绝了几千万印第安人，才把美洲给占了，哦对了，别在提所谓的'天花灭绝'论，想当年黑死病那么厉害都没把你们祖宗给灭绝了，天花算个鸟，这说法也忒无耻了一点。

"And he was purposing to put an end to them if Moses, his special servant, had not gone up before him, between him and his people, turning back his wrath, to keep them from destruction."

所以，他说要灭绝他们。若非有他所拣选的摩西站在当中，使他的忿怒转消，恐怕他就灭绝他们。

Human population is drastically reduced. Perhaps 90% of species become extinct, rivalling the worst mass extinctions in the Earth's 4.5 billion-year history.

人口数量大幅减少，也许90%的物种会灭绝，情况堪与地球45亿年历史中最严重的大规模灭绝匹敌。

The baiji, or Chinese river dolphin—deemed "functionally extinct" by a team of scientists in December, 2006—was downgraded from "endangered" to "critically endangered" on the IUCN's 2007 Red List, released today.

白鳍豚又被称做中国江豚——2006年一个科学家组成的小组认为它们已&从机能上灭绝&——在今天发布的国际保护自然与自然资源联合会的红色清单上，它们已经从&濒临灭绝&降级到了&临界灭绝&

The Namibian tourism industry was just cutting its teeth, and community-based conservation approaches were almost non-existent.

保护区的边界几乎是不存在的，当地的农民和居住者定居在仅仅30公里宽的狭长的尸骨海滩公园上，人们和狮子间的冲突非常严重，1990年前以知的带项圈的狮子都已经被射杀，这种现象被看成是纳米比亚海岸狮灭绝的征兆。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷