火山云

A gas grill and tool storage cabinet built into a mossy volcanic rock retaining wall does double-duty in the Sierra foothills of California's Gold Country, while a semicircular brick fire pit provides warmth on cloudy evenings in the coastal Pacific Northwest.

阿燃气烧烤和工具柜变成长满青苔的火山挡土墙没有双加州的黄金国责任的塞拉利昂岩山麓兴建，而半圆形砖火坑提供了关于西北太平洋沿海多云晚上温暖。

But the volcano also produces a more deadly things: pyroclastic flow, that is composed of gas and rocks up to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit Clouds.

但火山还能产生一种更致命的东西：火山碎屑流，即由气体和岩石组成的高达华氏1000度的云状物。

Pyrocluster closes the gap between soft hazy 3D environment effects and puffy dense pyroclastic volcano clouds!

pyrocluster关闭火山云的差距软朦胧的3D环境效果和蓬松密集的火山碎屑！

Of them, we proposed the term of the Toyon volcanogroup in the first time. All the volcanoes can be subdivided into two types: central-eruption-typeand flood-basalt-type, building a series of volcanic mechanism, including calderas, volcanicnecks and cone sheets.

托云火山岩是由多个近于同时喷发的火山口的喷出物复杂堆积的产物，这些火山口可以划分成中心式火山和溢流玄武岩两种类型，它们共同组成了托云火山群。

Our project is based on Cenozoic volcanic rocks and deep seated xenoliths in it to reconstruct the source composition and ctructure. We did field investigation, collection of samples, determination of age and composition characteristics of selected samples. The new achievements are following. 1 recognized a potassic metasomatic source of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks through an integrated research of volcanic rocks and their sources. 2 analysis of TM images suggests the Tuoyun basin is a basin with a volcano group instead of a simple volcano-tectonic basin. We found several volcanic craters and cone, and detected three such craters. 3 systematic reseach of volcanic sections and collection of samples both of volcanic rocks and xenoliths, the later includes peridotite, granulite, gneiss and variety of megacrysts. This is propitious to our further research at this rigion. We would like to point that we collected some peridotite large than 20cm in diameter. It could used to variety of analysis and end the history without mantle chemistry records in the region. 4 we got a U-Pb SHRIMP age of 3.87 Ma for the Kangxiwa basalt.It is the youngest record of U-Pb SHRIMP age in China and provide a chronology restriction for last uplifting of Tibet plateau. 5 the investigation of alkali syenite-synogranite in Taxkogan suggests that the origin of Parmir syntex is related to the Cenozoic magmatism.

本项目立足于从火山岩属性和深源捕掳体反演源区成分与结构两个途径，利用火山岩综合研究成果对地幔源区进行了初步反演，提出源区经受过强烈钾质交代的观点；对重点工作区TM图像进行了初步解译，新发现若干了火山口，并对其中三个火山口作了实地查验，为进一步全面深入开展该区的火山地质学及相关科学问题打下了良好基础，认为托云盆地是一个火山群，而不是一个单一的火山构造盆地；系统测制了火山岩剖面，新采集了一批重要的火山岩和深源岩石捕虏体样品，为下一步工作打下基础，特别是采集到了直径打20cm的幔源橄榄岩包体，可用于各种测试，将可以结束西部造山带没有地幔岩化学分析结果的历史；对康西瓦玄武岩进行了测年分析，取得了我国目前最年轻的锆石U-Pb SHRIMP年龄，对青藏高原挽近地质时期的隆升提供了年代学约束；对帕米尔东缘塔什库尔干碱性岩体的动力学意义进行了探讨，提出青藏高原西部构造结的形成与岩浆活动有关的观点。

Neoproterozoic Baoxing Complex in middle to lower metamorphic grade, located in western margin of Yangtze Craton, consists mainly of metamorphic gabbroic, dioritic gneisses, tonalitic and granodioritic gneisses, and massive monzogranites The studies of petrochemistry and SmNd isotopes of Baoxing Complex reveal that the gabbroic and dioritic magmas came from a congenetic magma derived from the partial melting of spinel lherzolites in depletive mantle, and that the magma was intensively contaminated by crustal materials during its emplacement The tonalitic and granodioritic magma were derived from the partial melting of metamorphic basalts in the lower crust And the monzogranitic magma was formed from partial melting of metagreywacks Integrating the lithological association, their trace elements, SmNd isotopic characteristics and petrogenesis, the Baoxing Complex must likely have been emplaced in an island arc tectonic background at the Neoproterozoic active continental margin of Yangtze Craton

位于扬子克拉通西缘的新元古代宝兴杂岩主要由中低级变质的辉长质片麻岩、闪长质片麻岩、英云闪长质到花岗闪长质片麻岩和块状二长花岗岩组成。岩石地球化学和SmNd同位素特征表明，辉长质片麻岩和闪长质片麻岩为同源岩浆演化序列，原始岩浆起源于亏损地幔尖晶石橄榄岩的部分熔融，在上升和侵位过程中受到了地壳岩石强烈混染。英云闪长质和花岗闪长质岩浆形成于下地壳玄武质岩石部分熔融，而二长花岗质岩浆形成于杂砂岩的部分熔融。综合分析宝兴杂岩的岩石组合、微量元素和同位素特征，该杂岩体最有可能形成于新元古代活动大陆边缘火山弧构造背景，并可能经历了碰撞过程。

This thesis has illustrated that this microthermal climate disaster was mainly due to the cloud from the emption of Tambola Volcano, which weakened the solar radiation energy that reached the earth.

其原因主要是坦博拉火山喷发造成火山云减弱了到达地球表面的太阳辐射能，太阳活动可能也有一定影响。

The Tuyon Basin contains pyrolite inclusions. The mineralogical character of high-pressuremegacrysts, and the Mg*'、 NiO content and petrographic characteristic of volcanic rocks showthat the Tuyon Basin has the characteristics of primitive mantle magmas.

托云火山中含有上地幔岩石包体，高压巨晶的矿物学特征以及火山岩的Mg#、Ni0含量、岩相学特征等证据均表明托云盆地内存在幔源原生岩浆的产物。

In 1883, the eruption of the Indonesian volcano Mount Krakatau caused widespread reverberations in climate, including night-shining clouds like those seen from the United Kingdom in this 1885 sketch by William Ascroft, an artist who recorded phenomena thought to have been linked to the eruption.

1883年印尼喀拉喀托火山的爆发引起了广泛蔓延的气候反应，其中包括夜光云。1885年英国、艺术家William Ascroft用画笔记录下了这次可能与火山爆发有关的夜光云现象。

The second-world-war slogan springs to mind in the wake of the volcanic cloud that has disrupted air travel this week.

这句二战时的标语，在本周火山云使得的航空交通陷入瘫痪之际，即刻跃入人们脑海。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。