火山

Toward the southern rim of the Altiplano, where Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina meet, lava burbles in tall, jagged volcanoes; at their feet, on the shores of what was once a vast lake filling the basin, baby mud volcanoes erupt and hiss through the frozen soil.

朝着阿尔蒂普拉诺南缘前去，玻利维亚、智利与阿根廷在此交会，熔岩在高耸、嶙峋的火山中汨汨作响；火山脚下，曾经填满盆地的浩瀚湖泊的岸边，新生泥火山从冻土中喷发，嘶嘶作响。

Lithologies are mostly sand and carbonate rocks, caps are mud rock, shale and magmatite. Entrap types are anticline, fault block rebuilt by breaking and the screened entrap diapered rock mass. The composition is CO_2, N_2, CH_4, C_2H_6 and He etc. It is magma air source body and its geologic fashions are intrusion and buried volcanic conduit. The relations between gas reservoirs and gas source bodies have three types: magma intrusion-breaking-communicated gas reservoir, magma intrusion-contacted CO_2 reservoir and buried volcanic conduit-contacted gas reservoir. The CO_2 migration in magma intrusion is consisted of fusing and crystallizing phases;it in volcanic conduit is consisted of near-surface effusion and crystallizing phases.The buoyancy of CO_2 in water far more than migration resistance in breaking or chink, CO_2 is easy float upward, the floating can results in differentiation of different density gases and concentration of sealed gas. The gas in sand reservoir firstly migrate into the higher porosity and coefficient of permeability sand, and along with the pressure going up it migrate into the lower. In magma intrusion-breaking-reservoir migration, CO_2 firstly migrate into watered breaking, began gravity differentiation and concentrate, the gas pressure time and again go up, CO_2 migrate into reservoir and concentrate under expansibility as the pressure reach upward a given extend. The CO_2 in reservoir experience four breaking modes: chemistry deposition, dissolution, diffusion and mechanic breaking, the pressure balance can be broken by faulting and the CO_2 will further migrate and form new reservoir.

济阳坳陷已发现的八里泊、阳25、平方王、平南、高青、花17 CO_2气藏主要储集层位有奥陶系、中生界、沙四段、沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组和明化镇组，储集层岩性以砂岩和碳酸盐岩为主，盖层以泥质岩、页岩和岩浆岩为主。；圈闭类型主要为受断裂改造的背斜、断块及刺穿岩体遮挡圈闭。；气体成分主要有CO_2、N_2、CH_4、C_2H_6、He等。；主要气源体为岩浆气源体，气源体的主要地质形式为侵入体和埋藏的火山通道。；气藏和气源体的空间关系有岩浆侵入体一断裂一气藏沟通型、岩浆侵入体-CO_2气储集层接触型和埋藏火山通道-气储集层接触型三种类型。；岩浆侵入体CO_2气运移分为熔融运移阶段和结晶运移阶段，火山通道中CO_2气运移分成近地表喷发阶段和结晶运移阶段。；断裂中，CO_2在水中的浮力远大于运移阻力，CO_2气容易上浮，CO_2在断裂中的易浮性导致不同密度气体的分异和走向上封闭的断裂气体相对富集。；气体在砂岩储集层运移聚集具有选择性，会优先进入孔隙度和渗透率较高的砂岩，随着压力增加，才会进入孔隙度和渗透率较低的砂岩；在岩浆气源体-断裂-储集层空间输导格架下，CO_2气在膨胀力的驱动下，首先进入含水的断裂并重力分异而聚集，气体压力会不断增高，当压力增至一定程度，CO_2气会向高孔隙度、渗透率的储集层运移并聚集。；在岩浆气源体-储集层接触空间输导格架下，CO_2气受膨胀力的驱动直接向储集层运移并聚集。；成藏的CO_2气会经历化学沉淀、溶解、扩散和机械破坏四种破坏方式，会受断裂切割而打破压力平衡，沿断裂进一步运移和聚集成藏。

Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano), cinders, and pumice (light-weight rock that is full of air bubbles and is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions - this type of rock can float on water).

岩石也可以在火山上以其他形式迸出，包括灰烬（从火山中看上去像烟的粉末状的岩石），熔渣，和轻石（轻的充满空气泡泡的岩石，从爆发的火山中形成的--这种岩石可以浮在水面上）。

They are distributed along the discordogenic fault and usually have calderas also sea floors like volcanoes.

陆上泥火山多沿深大断裂带分布，地面形态特征类似火山地貌，多具有下凹喷口，海域泥火山的海底形态亦与其相似，但研究程度较低。

If the volcanic clasts were deposited on volcanic slope and/or fluvial plain, they would occur in the 4 faceis mentioned above or in alluvial fan and braid stream. If the volcanic clasts were deposited in lake, they would occur in delta, fandelta, shallow-deep lake, and swamp.

火山物质堆积在火山斜坡以及前方的冲积平原上，往往以火山碎屑岩相或者冲积扇相、辫状河相保存；它们堆积在湖泊中则为三角洲相、扇三角洲相、较深水相和沼泽相。

There was a strong correlation between the eruption and the lahar or flood around Tianchi volcano. Flood or lahar influenced the ancient people along the Nenjiang riverbanks 460 km away from Tianchi volcano.

天池火山喷发与火山泥石流、喷发后洪水泛滥有密切关系，泛滥物波及到距离天池火山460km以过的嫩江流域及珲春一带。

There was a strong correlation between the eruption and the lahar or flood around Tianchi volcano. Flood or lahar influenced the ancient people along the Nenjiang riverbanks 460 km away from Tianchi volcano.

天池火山喷发与火山泥石流、喷发后洪水氾滥，氾滥波及到距离天池火山460km以远的嫩江流域及琿春一带。

Many lives have been lost to the volcano's frequent eruptions, which are accompanied by high-speed pyroclastic flows and mudflows called lahars.

许多人的生命已经丧失由于火山频繁喷发，这是伴随着高速的火山碎屑流和泥流所谓的火山泥流。

Many lives have been lost to the volcano's frequent eruptions, which are accompanied by high-speed pyroclastic flows and mudflows called lahars.

然而频繁的火山爆发，伴随着高速流动的火山碎屑流以及火山泥流，已经夺走了许多人的生命。

Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra, rock and lava samples.

火山学家经常去火山区，尤其是活火山，观察火山喷发，收集火山喷发碎屑、岩块和熔岩之类的喷发物。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。