灌木林地

Using the method of geometry correction radiation correction and noise removal to deal with original images. This article probe into thin cloud wiped off from image by homomorphic filter, and handle the topographic normalize routine that eliminating the part of shadow.

依据景观生态分类原则，结合重庆市景观特征，采用最大似然法的监督分类分别提取TM、ETM遥感影像中的重庆市景观类型，分别为水田、旱地、有林地、灌木林地、其他林地、草地、水域、居民点及工矿用地、未利用地九种类型。

In this paper, as a case of Karamay, we have studied on space-time changement of soil quality in oasis of arid area. We measured quality for different land use types and years in same type by combinativing field sampling for Karamay in Xinjiang and analysis in laboratory, which is directed by former theory of soil quality. Then we did integrated evaluation of soil quality for different land use types, and had drew some conclusions as followed: In four land use types, the soil bulk density of layers(0～15cm) for farmland and tree land is bigger than the other land use types.The organic matter of every layer in manpower Tamarix Bulrush land is bigger; organic matter of Tamarix Bulrush land release efficiency nitrogen which result ration of C/N is higher; total nitrogen of all layers in farmland variety great as being effected by mass use of nitrogen in agriculture; deadwood and defoliation of tree、shrub and bulrush pooled in 5cm layer to result that quick nitrogen is the biggest among all layers. The total salt of nature shrub tree land for every layer being bigger than farmland explain that nature shrub thee land strongly stand salt and farmland for basification in this area; that the nutrient of face layer is bigger than the ground layer may be explained by that vegetation gather nutrient to be stored in deadwood and defoliation.

本文对以克拉玛依为例，对干旱区绿洲土壤质量的时间空间变化进行研究，在有关土壤质量的研究理论指导下，通过田间调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法，对新疆克拉玛依市农业开发区的不同土地利用方式及同一土地利用方式下不同利用年限土样土壤理化性质进行测定，从而对新垦绿洲不同土地利用类型土壤质量进行综合评价，结果如下：四种土地利用方式中，农地、乔木林地表层(0-15cm)土壤容重较大；各土层人工柽柳芦苇地的土壤有机质含量均较大；柽柳芦苇地的有机质在矿化过程中所释放出有效氮，导致柽柳芦苇地的C/N比例较高；受到农业耕作使用大量氮肥的影响，农地各土层全氮含量变异较明显；乔木、灌木及芦苇的枯枝落叶主要集中在5cm范围之内，导致几种土地利用方式类型下该层土壤速效氮最大；天然灌木林地的土壤总盐在各层均较大，其次是农地，说明天然灌木林地的高耐盐能力，以及该区农业生产用地的土壤盐碱化程度较重。

The results indicated that the content of organic matter of the natural meadow and the arbor forest land in the 0-20 cm surface soil grew separately by 36.11% and 32.96%; the nitrogen content of the natural meadow and the arbor forest land was also high, being 66.88 mg/kg and 69.37 mg/kg, respectively; the content of fast-acting potassium in the surface soil was higher than that of meadow ,while the activity of the urea enzyme, alkaline phosphatese and sucrase of the arbor forest land was stronger than that of the other four land utilization modes.

结果表明，天然草地和乔木林地10~20 cm表层土壤有机质增长率均较大，为36.11%和32.96%，二者碱解氮含量也较高，分别为66.88和69.37mg/kg；乔木林地和灌木林地0~20 cm 表层土壤有效磷含量均高于天然草地和人工草地，乔木林地速效钾含量最高。

By analyzing soil quality of 4 kinds of land use types in Kalamay agriculture development area according to principal component analysis, we draw the conclusions: nature shrub tree land is affected little by mankind, a great deal of organic matter return to soil every year, and root system can improve soil physical quality, can absorb salt from soil, so the soil quality of nature shrub tree land is the best; the soil quality of farmland is better than the soil quality of manpower Tamarix Bulrush land, which may be reasoned that man make for soil quality by irrigation to exclude salt and fertilizing organic muck in the earlier oasis digging up period. Soil physical qualities of tree land get harden and worsen for flooding irrigation, furthermore climate in Kalamay is dry and rainless , the other irrigation is very long time after the former one, so soil get harden severity and result soil physical quality get worse and worse.

利用主成分分析法分析新疆克拉玛依农业开发区四种土地利用方式下的土壤质量，得出：天然灌木林地，受人为影响较小，每年有大量有机物质返还土壤，且天然灌木的根系可以很好的改良土壤的物理性质，同时所选天然灌木林灌木多是耐盐碱并且本身又具有吸收积累来自土壤的盐分，土壤质量最好；农田受到的人为影响最大，但农田综合得分却好于人工柽柳芦苇地综合得分，这可能是由于在开垦初期的绿洲农田，受到了人们灌水压盐及增施各种有机无机肥料等有利于土壤质量提高的措施所致；乔木林地，由于人们用大水漫灌的方式灌溉，致使林地土壤变得板结，土壤物理性质下降，加上克拉玛依地区气候干燥少雨，一次灌溉后较长时间后才有下一次灌溉，致使土壤理化性质恶化，土壤质量不高。

The change of landuse patterns in 1977-1998 shows indirectly the desertified land had been restored and is being restored. The relationship between landuse patterns and soil types was also analysed in this paper, from 1977 to 1998, the areas of rangeland and mobile sand dunes decreased in most soil types and the areas of woodland, shrubland and farmland increased, which means that the modification of landuse patterns due to limitation of soil types will be helpful to desertification control.

同时土地利用格局的时空变化与土壤类型间关系的分析表明，1977-1998的20余年间，在四种主要土壤类型上各种土地利用类型的变化具有一定的规律性，草牧场和流动沙地的面积基本上呈减小的趋势（分布在风沙土上的草牧场面积除外），而乔木林地，灌木林地和农地面积均为增加的趋势，这说明在土壤类型这一土地自然属性的严重制约下，人们被迫调整其土地利用格局，从而有效地遏制了荒漠化的发生和发展。

The analyses of social and economic development indicate that, up to 1998, the total population in Yijinholo County is 143, 949 persons, the population density is 24 persons per square kilometer, large population number results in land exploitation for food and overgrazing in rangeland. The change in temporal and spatial pattern of landuse from 1977 to 1998 demonstrates that mobile sand dunes was replaced by rangeland and woodland and partial shrubland in the middle of study area changed into rangeland and farmland from 1977 to 1987, while mobile sand dunes and rangeland transformed into shrubland and farmland in a small parts from 1987 to 1998, the above-mentioned change is proved by the change of fractal dimension index and fragmentation index at landscape and its element levels.

对近50年来伊旗社会经济发展的分析结果表明，虽然人口增长率基本上呈下降趋势，但由于人口基数较大，截至1998年底，伊金霍洛旗的人口总数达143949人，人口密度为24人／平方公里，较高的人口密度带来了更多的生存需求，使得大量的草牧场被开垦，而剩余的则严重超载。1977-1998年间伊土地利用结构总体格局变化的分析结果表明，1977-1987时段内主要是流动沙地为草牧场和乔木林地所取代，伴随着中部的部分灌木林地转换为草牧场和农地：而1987-1998时段内主要是草牧场和流沙地为灌木林地和农地特别是灌木林地所取代，而景观及各景观要素的分维度指数和破碎度指数的变化也充分证实了这一结论，虽然在前10年（1977-1987年）中大面积的灌木林被砍伐，但土地利用格局的整体变化间接地反映出该时段内荒漠化的状况正在发生逆转。

In the forest using, it contains forest land 180924 Mu, open forest land 6485 Mu, shrubland 3931 Mu, un-mature forest land 20322 Mu, nursery land 715 Mu, non-stocked land23052 Mu.

在林业用地中，有林地面积12061.6 hm~2；疏林地面积432.3 hm~2；灌木林地面积262 hm~2；未成林地面积1354.8 hm~2；苗圃地面积47.7 hm~2；无林地面积1536.8 hm~2。

With different scenarios sediment discharge followed by grassland＞shrubland＞broad-leaved woodland＞orchard＞coniferous woodland,among the scenarios grassland made sediment diacharge increase while the others made sediment discharge reduce.Along with the forest cover increased,the runoff and sediment discharge decreased;meanwhile the sediment discharge had the maximum rate of descent with the forest coverage rate between 40-70%.

不同情景的输沙量依次为草地＞灌木林地＞阔叶林地＞园地＞针叶林地，与原地类比较草地使模拟输沙量增加，其余的情景都使模拟输沙量减少；不同森林覆盖率情景下年均径流和输沙量都随森林覆盖率的增大呈下降趋势，森林覆盖率在40-70%之间的输沙量下降速率最大。

The results indicated: the total area of Minjiang valley increased,especially forest increased markly,but bald woodland area and shrub area decreased swingingly.

研究结果表明：闽江流域林地总面积增加，尤其以有林地面积增加最为显著，而无立木林地与灌木林地面积大幅减少。

Forest Area refers to the area of afforested land where trees and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, including land of natural woods and planted woods, but excluding bush land and thin forest land.

森林面积包括天然起源和人工起源的针叶林面积、阔叶林面积、针阔混交林面积和竹林面积，不包括灌木林地面积和疏林地面积。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。