灌木

Due to the inclemency of climate and soil conditions and the intense disturbance of human beings,the soil resources heterogeneity in arid and semi arid grassland ecosystems worldwide was gradually increased during the last century.

世界许多干旱、半干旱地区草地生态系统逐渐被灌木生态系统取代，这种取代过程的发展是由灌木冠幅下土壤中"肥岛"的形成和灌木的扩散相互作用直接造成的。

In this paper, as a case of Karamay, we have studied on space-time changement of soil quality in oasis of arid area. We measured quality for different land use types and years in same type by combinativing field sampling for Karamay in Xinjiang and analysis in laboratory, which is directed by former theory of soil quality. Then we did integrated evaluation of soil quality for different land use types, and had drew some conclusions as followed: In four land use types, the soil bulk density of layers(0～15cm) for farmland and tree land is bigger than the other land use types.The organic matter of every layer in manpower Tamarix Bulrush land is bigger; organic matter of Tamarix Bulrush land release efficiency nitrogen which result ration of C/N is higher; total nitrogen of all layers in farmland variety great as being effected by mass use of nitrogen in agriculture; deadwood and defoliation of tree、shrub and bulrush pooled in 5cm layer to result that quick nitrogen is the biggest among all layers. The total salt of nature shrub tree land for every layer being bigger than farmland explain that nature shrub thee land strongly stand salt and farmland for basification in this area; that the nutrient of face layer is bigger than the ground layer may be explained by that vegetation gather nutrient to be stored in deadwood and defoliation.

本文对以克拉玛依为例，对干旱区绿洲土壤质量的时间空间变化进行研究，在有关土壤质量的研究理论指导下，通过田间调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法，对新疆克拉玛依市农业开发区的不同土地利用方式及同一土地利用方式下不同利用年限土样土壤理化性质进行测定，从而对新垦绿洲不同土地利用类型土壤质量进行综合评价，结果如下：四种土地利用方式中，农地、乔木林地表层(0-15cm)土壤容重较大；各土层人工柽柳芦苇地的土壤有机质含量均较大；柽柳芦苇地的有机质在矿化过程中所释放出有效氮，导致柽柳芦苇地的C/N比例较高；受到农业耕作使用大量氮肥的影响，农地各土层全氮含量变异较明显；乔木、灌木及芦苇的枯枝落叶主要集中在5cm范围之内，导致几种土地利用方式类型下该层土壤速效氮最大；天然灌木林地的土壤总盐在各层均较大，其次是农地，说明天然灌木林地的高耐盐能力，以及该区农业生产用地的土壤盐碱化程度较重。

Relating to,resembling,or assuming the form of a shrub ; shrub by.

灌木状的具有灌木外貌的、象灌木的与灌木有关的；灌木的

Biomass of 10 plant species including Castanopsis fargesii,Pleioblastus amarus, Lindera strychnifolia,Vaccinium bracteatum,Ficus simplicissima(approximately account for 37%of total plant species in shrub layer) account for 84.15%of total biomass in shrub layer.Biomass of Woodwardia japonica and Blechnum orientale account for 93.3%of total biomass in herb layer.

在灌木层中，丝栗栲、苦竹、乌药、乌饭、三龙爪等10种灌木层植物(约占总灌木层种类的37％)占灌木层总生物量的84.1％；在草本层中，狗脊和乌毛蕨2种植物占草本层总生物量的93.3％，这说明林下灌木层和草本层植物的生物量主要集中在少数植物种类中。

Except for Phragmites australis community,other communities were mainly the dwarf shrubs,semi-bush. Analyse from the number of plants,Ephedraprzewalskii community,Potaninia mongolica maxim community,Kalidium foliatum community and Leguminose community,all were more than 90 percent;Among Reaumuria community,Caragana community and Zygophyllum xanthoxylum community,Nitraria community,the shrub layer was not dominance in the quantity,but herb layer was most of the smaller annual herb.

群落中除芦苇群落以外，其它各群落以矮化的灌木、半灌木为主；从植株数量上分析，膜果麻黄群落、绵刺群落、盐爪爪群落和猫头刺群落的灌木、半灌木均在90%以上；而红砂群落、柠条群落和木霸王群落虽然灌木层在数量上不占主导优势，但草本层大多数是较小的一年生草本。

By analyzing soil quality of 4 kinds of land use types in Kalamay agriculture development area according to principal component analysis, we draw the conclusions: nature shrub tree land is affected little by mankind, a great deal of organic matter return to soil every year, and root system can improve soil physical quality, can absorb salt from soil, so the soil quality of nature shrub tree land is the best; the soil quality of farmland is better than the soil quality of manpower Tamarix Bulrush land, which may be reasoned that man make for soil quality by irrigation to exclude salt and fertilizing organic muck in the earlier oasis digging up period. Soil physical qualities of tree land get harden and worsen for flooding irrigation, furthermore climate in Kalamay is dry and rainless , the other irrigation is very long time after the former one, so soil get harden severity and result soil physical quality get worse and worse.

利用主成分分析法分析新疆克拉玛依农业开发区四种土地利用方式下的土壤质量，得出：天然灌木林地，受人为影响较小，每年有大量有机物质返还土壤，且天然灌木的根系可以很好的改良土壤的物理性质，同时所选天然灌木林灌木多是耐盐碱并且本身又具有吸收积累来自土壤的盐分，土壤质量最好；农田受到的人为影响最大，但农田综合得分却好于人工柽柳芦苇地综合得分，这可能是由于在开垦初期的绿洲农田，受到了人们灌水压盐及增施各种有机无机肥料等有利于土壤质量提高的措施所致；乔木林地，由于人们用大水漫灌的方式灌溉，致使林地土壤变得板结，土壤物理性质下降，加上克拉玛依地区气候干燥少雨，一次灌溉后较长时间后才有下一次灌溉，致使土壤理化性质恶化，土壤质量不高。

The analyses of social and economic development indicate that, up to 1998, the total population in Yijinholo County is 143, 949 persons, the population density is 24 persons per square kilometer, large population number results in land exploitation for food and overgrazing in rangeland. The change in temporal and spatial pattern of landuse from 1977 to 1998 demonstrates that mobile sand dunes was replaced by rangeland and woodland and partial shrubland in the middle of study area changed into rangeland and farmland from 1977 to 1987, while mobile sand dunes and rangeland transformed into shrubland and farmland in a small parts from 1987 to 1998, the above-mentioned change is proved by the change of fractal dimension index and fragmentation index at landscape and its element levels.

对近50年来伊旗社会经济发展的分析结果表明，虽然人口增长率基本上呈下降趋势，但由于人口基数较大，截至1998年底，伊金霍洛旗的人口总数达143949人，人口密度为24人／平方公里，较高的人口密度带来了更多的生存需求，使得大量的草牧场被开垦，而剩余的则严重超载。1977-1998年间伊土地利用结构总体格局变化的分析结果表明，1977-1987时段内主要是流动沙地为草牧场和乔木林地所取代，伴随着中部的部分灌木林地转换为草牧场和农地：而1987-1998时段内主要是草牧场和流沙地为灌木林地和农地特别是灌木林地所取代，而景观及各景观要素的分维度指数和破碎度指数的变化也充分证实了这一结论，虽然在前10年（1977-1987年）中大面积的灌木林被砍伐，但土地利用格局的整体变化间接地反映出该时段内荒漠化的状况正在发生逆转。

The feature adaptation of P.rigidula and the evolution of the parasitic shrubs had been discussed. Some of the characteristics based on the superparasitic chains elucidate the evolutionary processi...

讨论认为，重寄生链上的一些渐变特征展现林木上寄生灌木具有 2个演化阶段，即以自养树木为寄主的半寄生灌木演化阶段，和以树木上半寄生灌木为直接寄主的重寄生灌木演化阶段；重寄生属植物特殊的生活习性和形态结构特征，是与其在寄主桑寄生科半寄生灌木上生活的特殊环境相适应的，是与其寄主、传播花粉蚂蚁类昆虫和传播种子鸟类协同演化的结果。

In wetter habitats, forbs were more abundant and accounted for the majority of aboveground biomass, whereas grasses became more important in dryer habitats. Shrubs and sub-shrubs increased with decreasing soil water availability and their relative biomass rapidly increased in degraded steppe and sand dune; perennial grasses had significantly higherδ〓C values than other PFGs; the δ〓C values of perennial grasses and forbs increased with decreasing soil water availability, while those of shrubs/sub-shrubs showed an inverse trend.

在较湿润生境，多年生杂类草更加丰富并构成了群落地上生物量的绝大部分；而在较干旱生境下，多年生禾草在群落中起更重要的作用；随着土壤含水量下降，灌木和半灌木逐渐增多，且在退化草地和沙地中其相对生物量迅速增加；多年生禾草δ〓C值显著高于其它功能群；随着土壤水分可利用性降低，多年生禾草和杂类草的δ〓C值表现出增加的趋势，而灌木/半灌木则表现出相反的趋势。

The effect of wind protection of shrub and half-shrub is the best, and the effect of bush is better than individual shrub's, the that of the trees is the worst.

灌木、半灌木的防风效应最佳，丛生灌木的防风效应高于单株灌木的防风效应，乔木防风效应最差。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。