激波

The basic idea is this: As the remnant of a dead star hurtles through space at up to 30 million kilometers per hour, it creates a shock wave as it interacts with the so-called interstellar medium.

基本观点是这样的：由于死亡恒星的残骸在太空急速飞驰，速度高达每小时3，000万公里，当它跟所谓的星际介质之间发生相互作用时，就会产生激波。

The algorithm's stability, concordance and robustness were tested with several classical test cases. The test cases with actual topographies showed that the model can be used to deal with complex engineering problems.

通过几个经典算例和具有实际地形的堤坝溃决算例验证了该模型具有良好的激波捕捉能力和较高的计算精度，同时较好的满足了和谐性，能够模拟比较复杂的工程实际问题。

Finally, the techniques of time-serial measurement for transient flow field, three-dimensiqonal tomography, computer image processing and the theories above quantitative calculation studied in the thesis are used to measure the free jet flow field of real rocket, the flow field of bore nozlle, impingment field of exhusted jet, three-dimensional flow field in hypersonic shock tunnel, the flow field of boundary layer transition, explosive and combustion flow field of detonating powder and 3-D temperature field.

最后，利用本文所研究的瞬态流场时间序列定量测试技术，三维C.T技术，计算机图像处理技术和定量计算理论等对真实火箭燃气射流场，膛口流场，燃气射流冲击场，高超音速激波风洞中的三维流场，模型边界层转捩区流场，起爆药爆轰流场和燃烧场、三维温度场等进行测试，取得了一些国际上首创性的成果，并对实现上发现的一些新现象进行理论分析和解释。

In a O〓-Ar mixture, the dynamic process of vibration-dissociation coupling behind a primary shock front is studied. The variation of many of the physical quantities with time are calculated out, such as the vibrational energy level distribution, the vibrational energy, the vibrational relaxation time, the dissociation incubation time, the dissociation product concentration, the dissociation rate and the dissociation rate coefficient.

对O〓-Ar体系考查了正激波后振动激发与解离耦合的动态发展过程，计算给出了振动布居分布、振动能、振动弛豫时间、解离孕育时间、解离产物浓度、解离速率、解离速率系数各物理量随时间的演化。

The experimental studies and theoretical analysas of dust ignition process induced by a shock sweeping a dust layer are presented in this paper.

采用瞬态阴影技术及红外光电传感器技术实验研究了沉积玉米粉的激波点火过程，并对此进行了理论分析。

Shortly after the discovery of afterglows, a standard fireball shock model has been established.

实际上，在余辉发现后不久，一个关于γ暴及其余辉的标准火球激波模型就已建立了起来。

In the second part, we analyze the problems in dealing with the formation of magnetic fields and injection of particles under the standard model of gamma-ray burst afterglows, and discuss the evolution of relativistic electrons' energy spectrum therein and their radiation spectrum and light curves.

在本论文的后半部分，我们分析了伽玛暴余辉的标准模型在处理激波中磁场形成及粒子注入方面存在的问题，讨论了其中相对论性电子能谱的演化及其辐射谱和光变曲线。

Based on the standard blast-wave model, we study some aspects of afterglows, including the jet effect, reverse-shock radiation, early afterglows of short bursts, and neutrino emissions in afterglows, etc.

基于标准的冲击波模型，本论文就余辉的各个方面进行了研究，包括喷流效应、反向激波辐射、短暴早期余辉和余辉中的中微子辐射。

The researches include the dense medium effect on the evolution of afterglows, constraints on the physical parameters of GRBs, the origin of the energetic gamma-ray emission from GRBs, the inverse Compton spectra in the very early afterglows, and energy source mechanism of the supernova-GRB connection.

研究工作主要包括：γ暴周围环境对余辉演化的影响、γ暴的物理参数的限制、极高能γ射线的起源、极早期外激波区域的逆康普顿散射光谱与观测效应以及γ暴与超新星关联的理论解释。

Different shock tube diameters and colors are available as are different output ends and detonators.

不同的激波管的直径和颜色可作为不同的输出端和起爆管。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！