滥用

The phrase "substance abuse " is often used instead of " drug abuse " to make clear substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

用"滥用物"而不用"滥用毒品、药物"是为了清楚表明：像酒精和烟草这样的物品的滥用和海洛因、可卡因的滥用一样有害。

The phrase drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

许多医生和心理学家常使用"物质滥用"而不是"药物滥用"这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用象烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such s alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

使用"物质滥用"而不是"毒品滥用"来使我们明白向酒精和烟草等物质的错误使用也可以产生海洛因和可卡因等物质滥用的危害。

Based on a survey findings to 168 new-type drug abusers in Yunnan,the author figured out that there are two major pernicious aspects on new-type drug abuse,such as on one hand,the perniciousness towards drug abusers physical condition and work abilities;on the other hand,the perniciousness towards drug abusers psychological states.

通过对168份新型毒品滥用问卷的实证分析，认为新型毒品滥用的主要危害主要表现在两个方面：一是对滥用者身体能力、生产能力的危害；二是对滥用者心理能力的危害。

The manner of death was deduced comprehensively based on all above findings. Results: There were 85 cases determined as drug abuse death in Shaanxi area from Oct. 1995 to Oct. 2001, including 63 males and 22 females. 70% of the subjects detected in postmortem biological samples were heroin /morphine. Hyperaemia, edema, hemorrhage and arteriolar sclerosis of multi-organs; cells denature and necrosis; foreign body in pulmonary, as well as needle puncture tracks on skin and dermapostasis, were common pathological observations. Incidences of tuberculosis(21%),cirrhosis(12%) and hepatitis(9%) were higher than those found in general autopsy population. No AIDS case was found.

结果··：陕西地区1995年-2001年有85例经法医鉴定为药物滥用死亡，其中男63例，女22例；尸体血液、脏器、毛发内检出的滥用药物70 %是海洛因/吗啡；多药混合滥用特点明显；最常见的病理变化包括：多脏器淤血、水肿、出血、小动脉硬化，细胞变性、坏死，肺内异物及皮肤注射针眼、脓肿等；常见合并的传染性疾病依次为：结核病(21 %)、肝硬化(12 %)和病毒性肝炎(9 %)等，AIDS未检出。

This thesis stood at the circumstance of Anti-Monopoly Law, thro ugh the comparison of other countries law, pionting that we should put abusing of intellectual property into two circumstances, one is the trading contract of intellectual property , the other is the owner uses his rights to implete monopoly.

本文旨在立足于我国《反垄断法》立法的现状，通过对国际知识产权公约、美国、欧盟、日本规制知识产权滥用的反垄断法律的比较借鉴，为反垄断委员会在将来制定、发布反垄断指南时提供立法建议，文章主要就反垄断委员会在制定指南时应遵守的基本原则；知识产权经营者滥用市场支配地位；知识产权经营者滥用市场支配地位的不同表现形式；知识产权经营者达成垄断协议限制竞争的行为提供指南立法建议。

This article analyze the present situation first , specially certain multinational corporations use the intellectual property rights to monopolistically plunder excess profits , to explain the harm of abuse intellectual property rights through the Microsoft Case , therefore we urgently need to make antimonopoly law to eliminate the abuse behavior of the intellectual property rights .

为此，本文首先分析了目前的实际情况，特别是某些跨国公司利用知识产权进行垄断性掠取超额的利润，通过微软案件更说明知识产权滥用的危害，因此对知识产权滥用进行规制已经非常的必要和紧迫，说明现在我们急需制定反垄断法对知识产权滥用进行规制。

For the mode of legislation, it is suggested that a principle regulations to be made while the detailed applied situation and conditions are specified further in judicial explanation; regarding the applied situation, give four kinds of examples as shortage of capital, mixing of company, property of shareholders, business and personality, avoid the liability of contract and legal liability using of company personality; when making judgment, such three parts as main body, action and results have to be considered. The voluntary creditor and forced creditor consists of prosecutor, those person who abuses the force of company is the defendant who has the act of abusing company personally resulting in bad effect; the responsibility of producing of evident may refer to those of courts of Germany, which is proved by prosecutor, after that, the defendant provides the evident that he has a proper action for the suit of company or his action is not the direct cause for the loss of company; the legal effect of disregarding of corporate personality is to deprive the rights of limited liability of shareholders and shall undertake the affiliated liability according to different situations of company debts, however, it is clear that the legal effect is only limited to the special legal relationship in the specific case; the exercising body is made by court while the corporate personality might not be disaffirmed directly in exerting process; finally, it points out the real essence and also its real sense and difficulties in practice.

对立法模式，建议成文法中只做原则性规定，而具体的适用情形、适用条件等规定可以在司法解释中进一步作出明确规定；对适用情形，根据我国实际列举了资本显著不足、公司与股东财产、业务、人格的混同、利用公司人格规避契约义务和逃避法律义务四种大类；审判时应考虑的要件包括主体、行为、结果三大要件，自愿债权人和非自愿债权人构成原告，对公司有控制力的滥用者为被告，要有滥用公司人格的行为，并有损害的结果产生；举证责任可参照德国法院的做法，由原告提供初步证据证明公司存在滥用公司人格的行为，而后，由被告提供证据证明自己与涉诉公司的关系是正当的，或自己的行为与原告的损失没有因果关系；否认公司人格的法律效果是剥夺股东在个案中的有限责任的权利，视不同情形对公司债务承担连带责任，但应明确法律效力仅限于个案中的特别法律关系；行使主体应由法院的审判庭行使，而不宜在执行程序中直接否认公司法人人格；最后对逆向揭开公司面纱作了探讨，指出其现实意义和实践难点。

Patent misuse refers to an affirmative defense to an action for patent infringement. If misuse is found, the patent is rendered unenforceable until the misuse is purged. An IP holder will violate the Anti-monopoly law (or Anti-trust law or Anti-restriction of competition law) in different countries if the exercise of the IP rights excludes or retrains the competition.

美国在专利审判实践中，将专利权人超越专利权的范围、对他人使用其专利技术设置各种不合理限制的行为视为滥用专利，如果法官认定滥用行为存在，将不对专利权人进行保护，直到专利滥用的行为得到纠正。

Underuse, overuse, wrong use and monotonous use of linking words. The four kinds of problems can be analyzed in greater detail. For example, underuse of linking words includes lack of linking words between clauses, between sentences, and between paragraphs; overuse of linking words consists of overuse of and, overuse of compound sentences, overuse of linking words in paragraph, and others; wrong use of linking words concern wrong use of linking words similar in form while different in meaning, wrong writing of linking words; wrong use of linking words because of wrongly understanding the logic relation between the linked parts, and others.

少用连接词语又分为分句与分句之间缺乏连接词语、句子与句子之间缺乏连接词语和段落与段落之间缺乏连接词语；滥用连接词语又分为滥用and、滥用复合句、语段中滥用连接词语和其它滥用连接词语的情况；错误使用连接词语又分为想当然使用意思或形式相近的连接词语、理解正确但记忆模糊造成连接词语书写错误、错误理解被连接成分之间的逻辑关系而错误使用连接词语以及其它错误使用连接词语的情况；连接词语单调的结论是通过对统计数据进行分析得出来的。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。