滥垦

As in much of Africa, in Malawi homes an open wood fire is a common sight; yet they burn wastefully, exacerbating deforestation problems and contributing to global warming.

就像大部分的非洲国家，在马拉威的民宅，生火煮饭是很常见的，不过，当地人以很浪费的方式燃烧木柴，加剧了滥垦以及全球暖化的问题

As the development of human society, population pressure is strengthened ceaselessly and unreasonable activity, be like excessive depasture, excessive cultivate, chaos is collected dig etc, make contemporary prairie happens generally degrade.

随着人类社会的发展，人口压力不断加强以及不合理的活动，如过度放牧、滥垦、乱采挖等，使现代草原普遍发生退化。

The historical process of transition between cultivation and pasture animal husbandry and its ecological impact has been analyzed by demonstration to explore the large-scale laws.(2). The driving process has been analyzed and behavior mechanism of local people was also construed.(3) The new interpretation of desertification causes has been made to search root of estrepement, overgrazing and excessive firewood gathering.(4) The comparison and selection have been made to explore new changing direction of integrated land desertification control strategy.

主要进行了：①农、牧业变化的历史轨迹与生态环境演变的实证研究，从大的历史尺度寻求农、牧业变化与沙漠化之间的互动关系；②农、牧业选择变化的驱动过程研究，从较短的时间尺度进行高分辨率的过程跟踪与解析，重点分析农牧民的行为机制；③农、牧业选择变化对沙漠化过程的动因解析研究，重点解析&滥垦、滥牧、滥樵&产生的深层次根源，为沙漠化防治战略的制定提供理论依据；④生态建设策略的比较与转型方向的研究。

Secondly, because of estrepement, denudation, repeated alternation of cultivating and stockbreeding, and irrational usage of water resource, calamities took place frequently in the whole of Yellow River valley, which did very harm to people's producing and living.

其次，西北农业开发中由于滥垦、滥伐，农业、畜牧业反复交替，水资源利用不合理，造成整个黄河流域灾害频发，给人民生产和生活带来严重影响。

The niche stagger and low level positive feedback between agricultural ecosystem and stock breeding ecosystem are the essential reason for estrepement, overgrazing and excessive firewood gathering, in other words, the invasion of dry farming into rangeland ecosystem or incompatibly between production style and ecological environment is the root reason.

农、牧生态系统的错位以及农、牧业之间低水平正反馈作用是&滥垦、滥牧、滥樵&的本质，而旱作农业生产方式对草原生态系统的入侵，或者说草原生态系统与作用其上的生产方式的不匹配却是这些问题的最终根源所在。

ABSTRACT This dissertation, based on the theories of geography, ecology, economics, sociology and environmental sciences, has analyzed the impact of transition between cultivation and pasture animal husbandry on the mechanism of desertification in Kerqin Sandy Region, of which behavior mechanism of local people was emphasized. The changing direction of integrated land desertification control strategy in semi-arid regions was discussed after having explored the primary reasons of estrepement, overgrazing and excessive firewood gathering. Followings are the main research works having been done.

本文选取科尔沁沙地作为研究区域，以两种最主要的土地利用方式、也是两种最主要的生产方式——农、牧业作为研究对象，依据地理学、生态学、经济学、社会学与环境科学的基本理论与方法，基于现有研究资料的系统整合，结合野外调查的结果，从更加综合的角度，来研究农、牧业选择变化对沙漠化过程的影响机理，从农、牧业选择变化的角度来揭示&滥垦、滥牧、滥樵&的本质，进而寻求中国北方半干旱地区生态环境综合整治的对策。

The natural causes were landform, parent materials and weather. The man-made causes were over grazing and estrepement. The natural factors were the basic causes of sandification in Hongyuan.

自然成因包括地形地貌和水文母质因素、气候因素；人为成因包括过渡放牧，滥垦乱抢和疏干沼泽等因素。

The advantageous one mainly included different measures of vegetation restoration such as fencing, rehabilitated fields, abandoned land etc. and polices or laws about desertification debating. The disadvantageous influences included illegal grazing, estrepement, firewood cutting and so on.

有利因子如退耕还草、人工封育、撂荒等草地植被恢复及荒漠化防治措施以及相关的荒漠化防治政策法规的实施，不利因子如偷牧、滥垦、滥樵等。

The objective of this study was to (1) explore the environmental, cultural, and hydrologic characteristics for sustainable development of San-Bu-Keng Creek watershed in Shangan area, Shuili Township, Nantou County,(2) investigate factors of causing debris flow such as terrain, geology, hydrology, land use,(3) evaluate the implemented watershed conservation and management strategies and suggest necessary improvements, and propose suitable land uses for sustainable development.

三廍坑溪集水区遇强度高、总量大的暴雨常发生土石流灾害，常造成下游上安社区发生屋毁人亡之惨剧。1996年贺伯台风、1999年的921地震造成水里上安地区溪流集水区源头裂缝、土层松动、坡地崩坏，其后2001年的桃芝台风暴雨更在三廍坑溪造成土石流灾害，计有死亡失踪17人，田园流失近百公顷，房屋全倒26户、半倒29户。造成灾害的原因包括陡峭地形、松散地质与台风暴雨等自然因子及滥垦滥伐，占用河道等不当土地利用。

The greatest sources of soil degradation were overgrazing, unsuitable agricultural practices, and deforestation.

土壤衰退的最大原因是过度放牧、不适当的农业施作、和森林滥垦。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。