滋养细胞

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cyto-plasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. During the fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos are as high as these of two-cell diploid embryos in vivo Then the embryos are rapidly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting in the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus are fused completely. After that, the DNA methy-lation levels of the fused embryos are gradually increased until the morula stage. However, whereas an asymmetric distribu-tion of DNA methylation is established in vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than that in the trophectoderm, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution in most in vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在桑葚胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastcysts fellowed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro.After fusion of cytoplasm, the DNA methylation levels of the fused embryos was very high as well as two-cell diploid embryos in vivo.Then the embryos was rapiddly demethylated when the nucleus begin to fuse, resulting the lowest DNA methylation levels when the nucleus fused completely.After that, the DNA methylation levels of fused embryos were gradually increased until the blastocysts stage.However, whereas an asymmetric distribution of DNA methylation was established in an vivo-derived blastocysts with a higher methylation level in the inner cell mass than in the trophectoderm, in most vitro-derived tetraploid blastocysts, we can not detect the asymmetric distribution.

结果表明：利用电融合方法制备的小鼠四倍体胚胎在体外培养体系中经历细胞质融合、细胞核融合及细胞继续分裂发育直到囊胚期的过程，在细胞质融合的时候胚胎卵裂球同体内体外培养二倍体胚胎一样，呈现高度甲基化状态；在细胞核开始融合的时候，甲基化水平急速下降，在细胞核完全融合的时候甲基化水平达到最低点；随着胚胎继续分裂，胚胎甲基化水平逐渐增加，在囊胚期甲基化水平最高；但是囊胚期四倍体胚胎内细胞团同滋养层细胞甲基化荧光信号没有差别，这与体内体外培养二倍体囊胚内细胞团细胞甲基化荧光强度高于滋养层细胞甲基化荧光强度不同。

On the functional differentiation,we found and that the type II ras-GTPaseactivating protein (p100-GAP),which was specifically expressed in humanplacenta,was largely expressed in the highly-differentiated syncytiotrophoblastcells and moderately expressed in the cultured intermediate trophoblast cells.While in the non-differentiated cytotrophoblast cell line-NPC,no expression was observed.Its mRNA and protein expressingcharacterization was in consistent with that of hCGβ,which was one of the mostimportant markers of the trophoblast cell functional differentiation.In addition,the expressing amount of p100-GAP increased with the progressing of pregnancyand the syncytium formation in vitro.

细胞功能分化的研究结果表明：经重组质粒的构建获得特异表达于人胎盘的p100－GAP的cDNA探针后，从蛋白和分子水平证实p100－GAP大量表达于分化程度高的合体滋养层细胞，少量表达于体外培养的中间型滋养层细胞，而非分化的细胞滋养层细胞NPC则不表达，这种表达特性与作为滋养层细胞功能分化重要指标之一的hCGβ高度一致；p100-GAP表达量还随妊娠过程和体外合体化过程而逐渐增加。

The methods of trophoblast isolation have deficiency of low product ion rate and other cells contamination.

原代培养的滋养层细胞存在产率低、杂细胞污染等方面的缺憾，而滋养层细胞又在细胞特性上发生了变化。

The samples were smeared on slides and stained with Giemsas stain. The stained smears were observed microscopically and photographed. It showed that except typical trophozoites in binary fission. the following trophozoites of abnormal morphs were also observed. for instance abnormal trophozoites with binary fission; enlarged trophozoites with round and irregular shaped eosinophilic bodies in the cell plasma; enlarged cells containing round and irregular shaped eosinophilic bodies and flagella; enlarged cells which contain 6 or 8 nuclear-like bodies and flagella, 3 or 4 embryonic forms of daughter trophozoite in one mother trophozoite; 4 trophozoite embryonic forms with fused plasma 3 trophozoites with fused plasma;4 trophozoites with fused plasma; a pair of trophozoite with binary fission fused with another trophozoite;2 pairs of trophozoite with binary fission fused each other; a trophozoite with 1 nuclear only.

结果 除观察到典型的营二分裂法繁殖的贾第虫滋养体外，还可见到多种形态异常的虫体，包括；虫体呈非典型二分裂；滋养体胀大，胞质中有团块状和不规则形状的嗜酸性物质；在胀大的贾第虫细胞内含有团块状和不规则形状的嗜酸性物质以及鞭毛；在胀大的贾第虫细胞内含有6或8个核状物以及鞭毛；在一个母体细胞中含有3或4个子体细胞的雏形；胞质互相融合的4个滋养体的雏形；胞质互相触合的3个滋养体，胞质互相融合的4个滋养体；1对营二分裂的滋养体与另一个滋养休互相融合；2对营二分裂的滋养体互相融合；仅有1个细胞核的滋养体。

Uu not only bring out corresponding ultrapathological changes by adhering to the surface of the cytotrophoblast membrane,but also enters the body of the cytotrophoblast and does harm to them directly.

Uu不仅吸附在滋养层细胞膜表面诱发相应的超微病理改变，而且还进入滋养层细胞体内，对滋养层细胞产生直接杀伤作用。

Objective To investigate the expression of Fas and FasL in placenta in patients with severe pre-eclampsia.

目的 探讨重度子痫前期患者胎盘绒毛滋养细胞Fas（又称APO-1，CD95）及FasL的表达及意义。

The self fertilizing garden can also be planted in raised beds.

如果没有充足的微量矿物质，血液难以滋养细胞与传送废物与毒素到废物处理系统，随着时间过去这会为你的生物体带来更早地衰老与疾病。

Methods: The expressions of KAI1 and P53 proteins were detected by immunohistochemical technique in GTD tissues.

应用免疫组织化学SP法检测正常早孕绒毛组织及滋养细胞肿瘤组织中KAI1和P53蛋白的表达情况。

Fancy gold-plated dangling earrings with facetted White Opal crystals.

花式镀金悬垂耳环与facetted白欧泊水晶。

This essay chooses the study aim from biology teachers in middle school in Shi Jiazhuang which tells us that most of the middle school biology teachers in Shi Jiazhuang have the"burnout", lower successfulness, individualize.

本文选取石家庄市初中生物教师作为研究对象，运用问卷调查的方法对石家庄市初中生物教师职业倦怠的现状进行调查，调查结果发现，石家庄市初中生物教师这一群体普遍存在职业倦怠，情感枯竭程度偏高，成就感偏低，去个性化程度最为严重。