溶剂化作用

It can just react in aqueous acetic acid and only when the concentration is as high as 50vol.

溶剂和还原剂种类对分子氧氧化的苯经基化反应有着至关重要的作用。

The results indicate that improving temperature to reflux, using low polarity solvent as dispersion medium and proper molar ratio of tetrabutyl titanate to stearic acid can bring out good modification. The function of tetrabutyl titanate is to react with the surface hydroxyl groups and adsorbed H2O on the powder particles to produce new binding sites such as M—O—Ti—OC4H9and M—O—Ti—OH, which can easily react with the carboxylic acid. As temperature increases from room temperature to reflux temperature, the reactions between RCOO- and Ti change from coordinate bonds to covalent bonds, which makes the carbon chains of stearic acids more strongly bound with the powder particles surface.

研究结果表明，提高处理温度、适当增加复合改性剂中硬脂酸的量并选用极性弱的有机溶剂可达到比较理想的改性效果；钛酸四丁酯的作用是与粉体粒子表面的羟基以及吸附水反应产生偶联点，如M—O—Ti—OH，这些偶联点易于与羧酸反应；在低温时RCOO-与偶联点的Ti之间以配合物的形式发生作用，在回流温度下处理时，主要发生酯化反应，使硬脂酸更牢固地嫁接到粉体粒子表面，改性效果更好。

It was found that the solvent type affected the gel point, the different amount of water addition could alter the structure of condensation polymer, the varying of ageing time influenced the growth of grains and the calcination temperature had great effect on phase structure and grain size.

发现不同的溶剂类型能够改变胶凝时间，加水量的多少会影响醇盐水解缩聚物的结构，陈化时间的长短直接改变晶粒的生长状态，煅烧温度的变化对粉体的相结构和晶粒大小有重要的作用。

The crystal structure analysis of photocolored product showed that the photochromic phenomenon was due to photoisomerization from enol form to keto form.

结构分析表明：其光致变色现象是由于它在溶剂与光的共同作用下发生了从醇式到酮式的异构化。

Secondly,a mixture of acetone and methyl formate was added into the methanol solution of sodium methoxide to prepare sodium formyl acetone by Claisen reaction.

以金属钠为原料，甲醇为溶剂，先制成甲醇钠的饱和甲醇溶液，再滴加丙酮和甲酸甲酯进行Claisen酯缩合制得丁酮烯醇钠，最后在强酸作用下与甲醇进行缩醛化反应合成了4，4-二甲氧基-2-丁酮，过程总收率达到73.1%，纯度98.7%。

Producted RF and CRF aerogels by process of sol-gel technics, dynamic-exchange, CO2 supercritical drying, and procedural increase in temperature carbonization methods, which have eximious capability and nanometer network structure; Systemic analysis various factors which effect gel course, such as ratio of reactants and the dosage of catalyst, and probed into the better experiments conditions(the concentration of resorcinol and formaldehyde is more than 2% and the value of R/C is between 50 and 300); During gel course , primary investigated the viscosity curve and particle size distribution of sol-solution, and analyzed the reason of catalyst dosage effects particle size of gel, and confirmed that the up-growth of gel follows the theory of " polymerize increase ".The experiment results indicated that ultrasonic with unvarying temperature disposal shortened gel time and optimized quality of gels, and the factors of ultrasonic effect gel reaction velocity were analyzed; Prepared organic aerogels using compounds of resorcin and hydroquinone substitute resorcinol reacts with formaldehyde the first time, and also optimized the proportion of resorcinol and hydroquinone (the proportion of hydroquinone in 10%～40%).

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺结合动态溶剂交换、CO2超临界流体干燥与程序升温碳化方法制备出性能优良、具有纳米网络结构的RF与CRF气凝胶；深入研究了反应物配比催化剂用量等条件对凝胶过程的影响，得到了较佳的RF凝胶制备条件(RF浓度应大于2%，R/C值取50～300)；初步研究了凝胶过程中的粘度、粒径变化情况，分析了催化剂用量影响凝胶中粒子尺度的原因，在实验上印证了凝胶生长遵循"聚增长"的理论；通过引入超声波改进了RF气凝胶的制备工艺，缩短了凝胶反应时间，提高了凝胶品质，并探讨了超声波促进RF凝胶反应作用的原因；首次用对苯二酚与间苯二酚复配制备了混合有机气凝胶，优化出复配比(对苯二酚含量为10%～40%)。2。

After the carboxymethylation,the solubility of pachyman in the water was significantly increased,its β-D-glucan characteristic absorption peak at 890 cm-1 became weak obviously,and its methylene vibration absorption peak and CO antisymmetrical stretch vibration absorption peak appeared at 1 333 and 1 606 cm-1 respectively,which indicated that the carboxymethylation succeeded.The analysis of AFM results showed that CMP molecules existed in different morphology under different solution conditions,and that the concentration,ionic strength and solvent physical chemistry characteristics of polysaccharide solution had effects on the CMP chains conformation and the action mode between different molecular chains.The phenomena were considered to be related to hydrogen bond association and intramolecular and intermolecular electrostatic interactions of CMP.

结果表明：经过羧甲基修饰，茯苓多糖在水中的溶解性显著增加，890 cm-1 处的β-D-葡聚糖特征吸收峰明显减弱，1 333 cm-1 处出现次甲基振动吸收峰，1 606 cm-1 处出现〖JG(〗C〖ZJLX，Y〗O〖JG)〗非对称伸缩振动吸收峰，表明羧甲基化成功；原子力显微镜分析表明：在不同溶液条件下，CMP分子以不同形态存在，多糖溶液的浓度、离子强度及溶剂的物化特性均能对CMP的分子链构象及链间相互作用形式产生影响，推测可能与CMP分子内、分子间的氢键缔合及静电作用有关，CMP分子与云母基底间的吸附及静电作用也会对CMP的分子链构象及图像质量产生影响。

To investigate the effect of surfactant self-assembling properties on the template synthesis of porous inorganic materials, the critical micelle concentration of surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide was measured in both water and aqueous ethanol solvent using steady-state fluorescence techniques.

为了研究乙醇－水混合溶液中表面活性剂的自组装特性对多孔无机材料模板法合成的作用，采用稳态荧光法测定了乙醇－水混合溶剂的组成变化对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵临界胶束浓度的影响。

The combination of dilute sulfuric acid and organic solvent has been developed to demulsify the highly stable polystyrene microemulsion. 2. The degree of sulfonation was quantified based on the infrared spectra. 3. The superfine sulfonated polystyrene particles and the crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol films imbedded SSPS particles were employed to conduct out the adsorption for cationic red dye (5GN), and showed a satisfied results.

本课题的特色与创新之处： 1、独创了采用稀H2SO4和有机溶剂对聚苯乙烯微乳液混合破乳的方法； 2、基于红外光谱测量，定量计算出聚苯乙烯磺化度； 3、在国内外较早地开展了超细聚苯乙烯型离子交换树脂及其离子交换膜对阳离子染料的吸附作用的研究。

Experimental results indicated that the contaminants generally existed in mussel, such as α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH, o·p-DDT, p·p-DDT, p·p-DDD, were degraded completely under the above conditions, whereas DDE, aldrin and dieldrin were partly degraded. No detectable degradation of PCB 1242 and PCB 1248 were observed. Thus the conventional preparation of the contaminants using the columns packed with Florisil or SiO〓 could be left out.

测定贻贝中的PCBs时，以KOH甲醇溶液处理试样，在微波能作用下，试样的微波皂化与有机氯农药的微波碱解同时进行；测定土壤和沉积物中的PCBs时，以KOH甲醇溶液处理试样，在微波能作用下，PCBs的微波萃取与有机氯农药的微波碱解同时进行，1M KOH甲醇溶液对PCBs的微波萃取能力与纯甲醇溶剂相当。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。