源泉的

First of all , it is seen in Zhang Wei"s long writing that continuous changes occurs with the following era contexts which is shown. First, the gradual desalinization of " earth image " on the space," earth " is not only a creation in Zhang Wei"s novel, but the main source of the poesy of its works. It declines after " September fable ", not only indicating Zhang Wei "s decay of poesy of the novel, but also reflecting the disobeyed pross of light appear contemporary China social urbanization and common customs to . Second, the change of " writing subject projection " in the spiritual meaning, Its characteristic displayed by the reduction of image of spokesman as write thought representation .and on the other side represent" person who want more that resist actively " which also shows contemporary intellectual predicament and adjustment of value. Third, in " changeable and separate characteristics in the stylistics ",It changes " epic body " of" Ancient ship "," body not mythical " to " September fable "," pour out body " of" Bai Hui "" Family "," the discipline spreads the body "of Book of other provinces"," lie body " of" Can not recall the hollyhock ". Its constant changes persuing of recreation and sports, has entered into the different book mode and narration of different class gradually too.

首先，张炜的长篇写作中可以看出一种跟随时代语境而不断发生的变化，这表现在：一是空间上的"大地意象"的渐趋淡化，"大地"不但是张炜小说中的一个创造，而且也是其作品的诗意的主要源泉，它在《九月寓言》之后的衰退，不但表明了张炜小说中诗意的衰减，而同时也反照出当代中国社会城市化和世俗化进程的不可违拗；二是精神意义上的"写作主体投影"的变化，其特征主要表现为作为作家思想代言者的"正面的知识者"形象的弱化，代表其另一面的"积极反抗的多欲者"的凸显，这也显示了当代知识分子价值的困境与调整；三是在"文体上的多变与另类化"，由《古船》的"史诗体"，到《九月寓言》的"神话体"，再到《柏慧》、《家族》的"倾诉体"，《外省书》的"纪传体"，《能不忆蜀葵》的"诳语体"，其文体不断求变，也逐渐走入了异书模式和另类叙述。

In his Culture and Anarchy , Matthew Arnold writes,"The great men of culture are those who have had a passion for diffusing, for making prevail, for carrying from one end of society to the other, the best knowledge, the best ideas of their time; who have laboured to divest knowledge of all that was harsh, uncouth, difficult, abstract, professional, exclusive; to humanise it, to make it efficient outside the clique of the cultivated and learned, yet still remaining the best knowledge and thought of the time, and a true source, therefore, of sweetness and light."

马修·阿诺德在《文化和无政府状态》一书中这样描述："伟大的文化人是这样一些人，他们具有一种激情，要将他们时代最好的知识、最好的思想从社会的一端传播和搬运到社会的另一端，使之流行不衰；他们殚精竭虑，要为知识去除一切粗糙的、粗野的、难解的、抽象的、专业的和孤傲的成分，要把它人性化，使它在绅士和学者的圈子之外，也见成效，与此同时，又保留了时代最好的知识和思想，因而成为甜美和光明的真正源泉。"

To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics——that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state——as far as sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource which can not fail me.

我认为应珍视与所有志同道合的国家的和平相处和友好往来；对所有交战国则保持真诚的中立；在任何情况下，对分歧都应采取友善的协商和理智的调停，而不能诉诸武力加以解决；来自国外的种种阴谋诡计和对外国的偏袒不公，对任何国家来说都是卑下可鄙的，对自由国家则更是危害非浅，故应予以摒弃；要培育一种独立的精神，这种精神非常公正而不会侵犯他人的权利，非常自尊而不会放弃我们自己的权利，非常开明而不耽溺于我们自己毫无价值的偏见，非常高尚而必然鄙弃他人抱有的偏见；要把各州的团结作为我们和平与幸福的基础；要拥护作为联邦凝聚剂的宪法，不仅维护它的权威，而且遵从它的限制；要尊重保留给各州和保留给人民的各项权利和权力，这对整个制度的成功同样休戚相关和不可或缺；信仰的权利和总价的功能已然明智地排除在民事管辖的范围之外，故应避免加以丝毫的干涉；要维护旨在保障私人权利、人身权利和出版自由的其他有益规定的全部活力；政府开支要厉行节约；要通过光荣地清偿公债以调动公共资源；要把常备军事力量控制在必要的限度以内，应时刻牢记，一支训练有素的武装民兵便是所有共和国最坚强的堡垒，没有常备军，他们的自由决不至于陷入危险的境地，而庞大的武装则未必意味着安全；要采用合法的手段推动有利于农业制造业和国内外贸易的各项改进措施；要以同样方式支持科学的进步和知识的传播，此乃真正自由的最佳养份；要继续执行慈善计划，这些计划一直都在值得称道地实施，以改造我们的土著邻居，使他们摆脱野蛮生活的堕落和不幸，得以分享文明状态下人们在心灵和举止上所惯有的各种改善成果。以上种种想法和打算，只要有助于我完成使命，便是不会令我失望的一个源泉。

Thy Godlike crime was to be kind, 36 To render with thy precepts less 37 The sum of human wretchedness, 38 And strengthen Man with his own mind; 39 But baffled as thou wert from high, 40 Still in thy patient energy, 41 In the endurance, and repulse 42 Of thine impenetrable Spirit, 43 Which Earth and Heaven could not convulse, 44 A mighty lesson we inherit: 45 Thou art a symbol and a sign 46 To Mortals of their fate and force; 47 Like thee, Man is in part divine, 48 A troubled stream from a pure source; 49 And Man in portions can foresee 50 His own funereal destiny; 51 His wretchedness, and his resistance, 52 And his sad unallied existence: 53 To which his Spirit may oppose 54 Itself--and equal to all woes, 55 And a firm will, and a deep sense, 56 Which even in torture can descry 57 Its own concenter'd recompense, 58 Triumphant where it dares defy, 59 And making Death a Victory.

三 你神圣的罪恶是怀有仁心，你要以你的教训减轻人间的不幸，并且振奋起人自立的精神；尽管上天和你蓄意为敌，但你那抗拒强暴的毅力，你那百折不挠的灵魂——天上和人间的暴风雨怎能摧毁你的果敢和坚忍！你给了我们有力的教训：你是一个标记，一个征象，标志着人的命运和力量；和你相同，人也有神的一半，是浊流来自圣洁的源泉；人也能够一半儿预见他自己的阴惨的归宿；他那不幸，他的不肯屈服，和他那生存的孤立无援：但这一切反而使他振奋，逆境会唤起顽抗的精神使他与灾难力敌相持，坚定的意志，深刻的认识；即使在痛苦中，他能看到其中也有它凝聚的酬报；他骄傲他敢于反抗到底，呵，他会把死亡变为胜利。

What he wanted for Sydney was the effect he had noticed when tacking round the promontory at Elsinore, of the castle's piled-up turrets against the piled-up clouds and his own billowing white sails; the liberation he had felt on the great platforms of the Mayan temples in Mexico, of being lifted above the dark jungle into another world of light; the height and presence of Gothic cathedrals, whose ogival shape was to show in the cross-sections of the Sydney roof-shells; and the curved, three-dimensional rib-work of boat-building , as he had watched his own father doing it at Aalborg.

当他在艾尔西诺海岬旁作之字形航行时，天边积云朵朵，海水蓝天融为一色，海风一过，巨大的白帆随之鼓起，城堡上层叠而立的塔楼在一片湛蓝中像条游龙飘忽不定。如此景致早已收藏于心。他所向往的悉尼巨作不正是这幅美景的再现么？当他伫立于墨西哥玛雅寺庙辽阔的平台之上时，那份无拘无束的洒脱正从昏暗的丛林中抽身而出，徐徐升腾，遁入另一个光的世界。这不羁的心不正是他想施予悉尼的么？还有那直插云霄的哥特式大教堂，它们的伟岸和雍容时时撞击着他，剖开未来悉尼歌剧院的扇形穹顶吧，横截面上所展示的不正是带着尖顶拱的外形么？当他在奥尔堡傻傻地看着父亲建造船坞时，那有着优美弧线的三维肋拱结构不也是激活他未来创作的源泉么？

This chapter starts with the determination of primary sense of under. Then it focuses on how its spatial senses are extended from the central image schema to its transformations by metonymy. Next, this part also focuses on how its metaphorical senses are extended in terms of the central image schema and transformations by metaphor. In these analyses, this thesis summarizes four kinds of relations: the relation of UP-DOWN, the relation of HIGH-LOW, COVERING relation or the relation of IN-OUT and the relation of SOURCE-PATH-GOAL. Lots of metaphorical senses of under are derived from these basic spatial relations. In this thesis, the relations between the senses derived from central image schema and those derived from its transformations are explored at length. The relations between the spatial senses derived from central image schema and transformations and the metaphorical senses derived from them are also explored at length. The above analyses demonstrate that the sense extension of the spatial preposition is motivated by image schema, which also provides the root for metonymic and metaphorical extension. The semantic network of under is diagramed finally.

论文首先确定了under的首要意义；然后集中探讨了它的空间意义如何从中心意象图式，通过转喻形成许多变体，从而得以延伸；接着分析了它的隐喻意义如何从中心意象图式及其变体通过隐喻而得以延伸，在此分析中，本论文总结了四种关系：上—下关系﹑高—低关系﹑覆盖关系或里—外关系和起点—路径—目标关系，under的很多隐喻意义源于这些基本的空间关系；本论文还对源于中心意象图式的空间意义与源于其变体的空间意义的关系进行了详细的剖析；对源于中心意象图式与其变体的空间意义及其延伸的隐喻意义之间的关系，也同样进行了详细的剖析；通过分析论证了，意象图式是空间介词义项扩展的源泉，同时也为转喻和隐喻提供了基础；最后得出under的语义网络。

Media publicity should be noted is that the rural market in addition to television, very few of the universality of the media, publicity before many companies, some newspapers are self-made types of publicity materials, the production of rough, the credibility of the content is not high, motorcycle No need to blindly follow the industry, as is the motor of consumer durables, its direct customers and potential customers is relatively easy to distinguish between them, these groups can be targeted, but also the reliability of the media; and distributors and sales on the recommendation Relatively easy, as long as some benefit can be tied up; store the image of the more important because the store represents the company's image, the size and strength, a good image to give customers a more credible feel; spread word-of-mouth is an important part of it is With the focus on the need to build into the area because of good service is both a publicity generated by word-of-mouth is a source of Haier's reputation is well-made use of services.

媒体宣传要注意的是，农村市场除了电视之外，很少有普遍性的媒体，以前许多公司宣传时，都自制一些报纸类的宣传品，其制作粗糙，内容可信度不高，摩托车行业大可不必盲目仿效，因为摩托是耐用消费品，其直接消费群与潜在消费群相对容易分辨出来，针对这些群体完全可以进行有针对性、更可靠性的媒体传播；而经销商和营业员的推荐相对容易，只要进行一些利益捆绑即可；专卖店的形象比较重要，因为专卖店代表了公司的形象、规模与实力，良好的形象给予顾客更可信的感觉；服务是口碑传播的重要一环，是需要重点投入与打造的方面，因为良好的服务既是一种宣传，亦是口碑产生的源泉，海尔良好的口碑就是利用服务制造的。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。