湖泊的

The main environment geological question is: The earth"s crust where the faultage and earthquake are active is unstable; collapse , landslide, mud-rock flow and soil erosion ; The underground karst subsides, seepage question; Basic rock expand, expend and compress soil body, the salt deposit corrode out of shape and groundwater"s corrodent harm; The soft soil question of basin; The soft rock body, cracked rock and the weathering rock are relatively poor stability; High and cold regional highways and railways" frozen soils freeze and melt calamity problem; The around rock of tunnel are unstable because of the coal seam gas, spring water, underground developed area; Project cutting slopes, constructed abandon soil and reservoir, lake"s ecology geological environmental protection issue; Thedangerous shoal of the channel % submerged reef question; The problem of rebuilding channel project and dock etc.; And the problem of unstable ground and groundwater corrosivity during building airport; At the same time, with the international big pathways" implementation and completions of constructions, adjusting the cities and counties" constructions , the crowd occupy changing , the cultivated land distribute changing and the adjustments of structure, will cause local environmental geological issues outstanding; According to multiple statistical analysis , value calculate and integrated appraise result, in the northwest and southwest of Yunnan, the traffic relatively low density, traffic engineering is relatively weak impact on environment, It is the area where a environme

主要的环境地质问题是：活动性断裂、地震带的地壳不稳定；崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及水土流失；地下岩溶塌陷、渗漏问题；基础岩体膨胀、胀缩土体、含盐层侵蚀变形和地下水的腐蚀危害；盆地软土问题；软弱岩体、碎裂、风化岩体稳定性较差；高寒地带公路、铁路建设的冻土冻融灾害问题；煤层瓦斯、涌水、地下采空区等隧道围岩不稳定问题；工程切坡、施工弃土及水库、湖泊生态地质环境保护问题；航道险滩、暗礁问题；渠化工程、码头等库岸再造问题；以及机场建设中的不稳定地基及地下水腐蚀性问题；同时，随着大通道建设的实施和完成，城镇建设的调整、人群居落的变化和耕地分布及结构的调整组合，都可能造成局部环境地质问题的突出等等。经多元统计分析数值计算、综合评价结果，滇西北、滇西南地区交通密度较低，交通工程对环境的影响程度较弱，是环境地质状况好的区域；有主要高原湖泊分布区的，包括昆明、个旧、文山的滇东南区域，环境地质状况较好；大姚、楚雄、篙明及会泽、昭通一镇雄的区域，即滇中北部中生界红层和滇东北岩溶区，环境地质状况中等；而包括保山、德宏、大理、临沧的滇西地区及景东一墨江以东、双柏一石屏一河口以西及东川一寻甸一曲靖地段的滇中一滇东地区，环境地质状况较差。云南国际大通道建设涉及全省区域，如何利用地质环境、实现可持续发展，就必须依赖于国际大通道建设与地质环境之间良性关系的建立。应本着对区域地质环境客观存在的科学认识原则、建设过程中环境效益优先的可持续发展原则、法制性原则、对大通道建设中环境地质的因地制宜及其可防治性原则。并且从组织管理、不同类型大通道、不同环境地质问题类型等方面，提出了对策措施。最后，提出了建立国际大通道建设与环境地质良性关系的宏观建议。

Influenced by tectonic movement, there were no sediments in the area from Oligocene to Miocene. Appearance of marlite in the Pliocene, especially in Yaqueling region, proved localized depositing environment forming, for which there had only few amount of terrigenous matters to supply. Sedimentary facies association of alluvial fan, fan delta and inland lake appeared at the early and middle stage of lower Pleistocene, and association of fan delta and inland lake appeared at the later stage of lower Pleistocene and the early stage of middle Pleistocene. Net-veined laterite appeared at the top of lacustrine deposit, which reflected pedogenesis taking place after the end of deposition. Such evolution history proves that there had no lager river system traversing this area before the early stage of middle Pleistocene.

对于江汉盆地西缘宜昌地区来说，其沉积及古地理演化表现为：早白垩世为受天阳坪断裂控制的内陆湖泊沉积环境，沉积中心在天阳坪断裂的北侧，此时几乎不存在来自黄陵地区的水系；晚白垩世同样为受断裂控制的内陆湖盆环境，但湖盆面积扩大、断裂活动减弱，且后期出现成化湖相沉积；第三纪早期盆地由断陷盆地转变为坳陷盆地，同时石膏的出现代表了局限咸化湖盆的存在；渐新世—中新世，受构造影响，缺失该时期的沉积；上新世时在鸦鹊岭一带出现的泥灰岩沉积反映了陆源物质供应不足的局限沉积环境的存在；早更新世早中期为冲积扇—扇三角洲—内陆湖泊沉积，早更新世晚期—中更新世早期为扇三角洲—湖相沉积，后期出现沉积结束以后的网纹红土化作用。

Over the years, I hesitate to enjoy the winter, turning her body into the cold in the winter, so winter's cold can trigger my feelings, so that the winter cold freezing my humble thoughts, so that the cold solidified my thoughts mature , so that mature thinking sublimation my soul, so that sublimation of the soul collection sunrise moonset, collecting rivers and lakes, so that sunrise and moonset, rivers and lakes, ancient loyal years ......

多少年来，我都义无反顾地喜欢冬天，把自己的身体融入到冬天的寒冷中，让冬天的寒冷能引发我的感慨，让冬天的寒冷凝固我卑微的思想，让凝固的寒冷成熟我的思想，让成熟的思想升华我的灵魂，让升华的灵魂收藏日出月落，收藏江河湖泊，让日出月落、江河湖泊亘古忠诚的岁月

The coring was successfully operated on the winter ice-cover of the lake in 2000 and the pioneer practice of the ""off-the-ice"" coring proves to be very useful and economic for taking quality cores from lakes in northern China.A multidisciplinary investigation has been carried out on core HQH4, one of the three 11-m-long cores. Results from previous investigation include lithostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, paleoecology of Ostracoda, stable isotopic record of ostracod shells, total nitrogen and organic carbon, C/N ratio, 81 C of organic matter etc.

在对深度为11米的HQH4岩芯开展了~(14)C年代学、岩性地层学、介形类古生态及介壳稳定同位素、有机碳和总氮及C/N比值、有机碳同位素等多学科综合分析测试和研究工作的基础上，本硕士学位论文研究侧重开展了：1HQH4岩芯烧失量(Loss-on-ignition)的系统分析测定及该地层学变量的古湖泊和环境变化意义的研究；2沉水植物川蔓藻化石种子生态学特征及其在黄旗海湖泊水位重建和气候变化研究方面的重要意义的研究。

This paper discusses the research carried out on the Lake Sugan, in the northern margin of Chaidam Basin. The climate and environmental changes in Lake Sugan drainage area over the past 2670 years were studied using the varve dating of the well preserved lamination sediments in core SG03I taken from the center of Lake Sugan, the study of varve formation in modern lake system and modern process study of carbonate and oxygen isotopes of the water within the drainage area, and according to the main index of the stable isotopes of carbonate sediments synthesized other index analysis.

本文以柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖为研究对象，通过对湖泊中心位置SG03I孔保存完好的纹泥沉积物岩芯进行年代学研究，对湖泊现代沉积过程及碳酸盐、流域水体同位素进行现代过程研究，以沉积碳酸盐稳定同位素指标为主，结合其它代用指标的综合分析，探讨苏干湖流域近2670年来的气候与环境变化，综合区域其它记录对苏干湖流域晚全新世气候变化的驱动机制进行探讨，获得如下认识：1、柴达木盆地北缘苏干湖若干钻孔岩芯发现，水深大于3.0m的沉积物均具有裸眼可分辩的由深色层和浅色层组成的纹层层理。

In modern researches on the grain-size characteristics of lake sediments, the methods of incertical dividing sediments grain-size have no rigorous mathematical theory to support. To resolve this omission, the case of pollen zonation was taken for reference. 338 samples measured by Mastersizer 2000 from DG02 core of Gahai lake in Qaidam Basin were studied. Considering the clustering results of sequential clusters did not change the sequence of samples, tilia software package was used to divide the dividing sediments grain-size.

针对现阶段湖泊沉积物粒度特征研究中垂直剖面分层方法所存在的数学方法的不足，借鉴孢粉分带比较成熟的案例，应用有序聚类法中次序不变的特点，以柴达木盆地尕海湖DG02钻孔338个经激光粒度仪测试的样品为研究对象，在有序聚类的数学理论基础上，借助Tilia软件将湖泊沉积物垂直剖面进行分层。

On such a basis, it concretely discusses the effects of the cultivation on ecological environment and holds the view that the damage of the original hydro geological environment by over-cultivation in South-East China results in the serious situation of "no reservation of water and no irrigation when drought" and thus greatly increases difficulties in flood prevention. Local governments through ages act on their own way without cooperation among diked paddy-fields in different areas and therefore local floods take place every year due to breakdown of the dikes. The great shrinking of lake areas because of too much reclamation affects the function of lakes in adjusting water volume and destroys ecological conditions of the area, leads to frequent disasters.

在此基础上，具体探讨了圩田开发对生态环境所造成的影响，认为因过渡围垦破坏了江南地区原有的湖泊河流水文环境，造成&水不得停蓄，旱不得流注&的严重局面，这便给圩田大大增加了防患水灾的压力；历代地方政府在圩田管理方面也是各自为政，各地圩田缺乏相互间的协作，使因破圩而形成的局部水灾年年有之；大量构筑圩田，使湖泊面积大为缩小，影响其调节水量的功能，破坏了本地区的生态条件，致使灾害频频发生。

On such a basis, it concretely discusses the effects of the cultivation on ecological environment and holds the view that the damage of the original hydro geological environment by over—cultivation in South—East China results in the serious situation of "no reservation of water and no irrigation when drought" and thus greatly increases difficulties in flood prevention. Local governments through ages act on their own way without cooperation among diked paddy—fields in different areas and therefore local floods take place every year due to breakdown of the dikes. The great shrinking of lake areas because of too much reclamation affects the function of lakes in adjusting water volume and destroys ecological condi- tions of the area, leads to frequent disasters.

在此基础上，具体探讨了圩田开发对生态环境所造成的影响，认为因过渡围垦破坏了江南地区原有的湖泊河流水文环境，造成&水不得停蓄，旱不得流注&的严重局面，这便给圩田大大增加了防患水灾的压力；历代地方政府在圩田管理方面也是各自为政，各地圩田缺乏相互间的协作，使因破圩而形成的局部水灾年年有之；大量构筑圩田，使湖泊面积大为缩小，影响其调节水量的功能，破坏了本地区的生态条件，致使灾害频频发生。

P species, main as Ca-P and organic P forms, showing rego〓 pollution and karst area of lake watershed, inorganic P〓 related to Ca〓, Al〓, Fe〓 content in the overlying water, sediments is not a simple reservoir of dissolved phosphate and particle phosphate, near the interface, near 98% of total P existed as active forms, they may release to overlying water through reduction dissolution, deadsorption in the period of early diagenesis, only 2% of P as fixed forms, which mainly remained in the sediments, sediment was an important resource of nutrients of ovrelying water.

高原湖泊沉积物中的磷以有机磷和Ca-P形式存在为主，反映了高原湖泊流域污染和碳酸盐地区的整体背景，无机磷形式与水体吸附体Ca〓，Al〓和Fe〓的含量有关。底部沉积物不是溶解性磷酸盐和颗粒磷酸盐的长期储存场所，几乎有98%的磷是活性的形态存在，它们通过早期成岩作用在还原条件下还原，溶解和释放又重新回到上覆水体，只有2%的磷以固〓态的形式稳定保存于沉积物中，因此，沉积物为水体营养程度的重要来源。

This thesis has systematically dealt with the glacial, lake and climatic fluctuations in the areas mentioned above throughout the late stadial of the Last Glaciation, based on synthetical records of glacial development at the high mountains, lacustrine stratigraphy and lake evolution in both the high plateau basins and the lower altitude interior ones, periglacial phenomena and palaeosols as well as microfossils in deposits.

本文则根据大量野外实地考察与室内分析资料，从高原高山区的冰川发育与演化，高原和盆地区的湖相沉积地层、湖泊演变历史和地层中冰缘现象、古土壤的发育状况以及微体古生物等方面的综合记录分析，对青藏高原北部与天山地区以及内陆干旱盆地在末次冰期晚阶段中的冰川、湖泊与气候环境演变状况作了较为系统的探讨。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。