温升

Based on hybrid experimental-numerical technique, the compensative correct factor for the experimental data is present.

采用先进的仪器设备测定混凝土的水化热绝热温升，设计出合理的实验装置来测量混凝土绝热温升。

Before the thermal field is calculated, stable temperature rises in each part of the electromagnet are unknown, so it is impossible to determine the power and convectional heat transfer coefficients at the stable temperature rise.

在进行温度场的计算之前，电磁铁各部件的稳态温升是未知量，故线圈达到稳态温升时的发热功率及对流散热系数不能确定。

In the analysis, firstly, the flux boundary condition is used to simulate the frictional heat resource between wheel and rail. The non-steady heat transfer between the contacting surfaces of the wheel/rail, heat-convection and radiation between the wheel/rail and the ambient were all taken into consideration. Therefore, a heat coupling model of the wheel/rail in rolling/sliding is put forward to calculate the frictional temperature rise in the wheel and rail. Secondly, after the temperature distribution of wheel/rail, due to friction, is calculated, substitute the thermal load with equivalent fictitious body force and boundary distributed force loaded on the nodes of the corresponding elements. The wheel-load is applied to the center of the wheel.

首先，用热流边界条件模拟轮轨接触界面的摩擦热源，考虑轮轨间的非稳态热传导、轮轨自由表面与环境的热对流、热辐射的影响，建立轮轨滚动接触热耦合有限元计算模型，分析计算轮轨滚、滑工况下的摩擦温升；其次，以求得的轮轨温度场结果作为求解轮轨应力场的已知条件，轮载以集中力形式直接加载于轮心处，将摩擦温升引起的热载荷等效为假想体力和热边界面力，施加于相应的单元节点上，建立了轮轨热—机械载荷耦合作用的热弹性平面应力模型，分析热—机械载荷作用下的轮轨应力场。

The temperature increase and heat gain of the duct in normal system and low temperature air supply system are calculated.

探讨了由于较低的送风温度使送风系统在风管温升、风管得热等方面发生的变化，并用公式计算了常规系统和低温送风系统的风管温升和风管得热。

The calculation method using in factory has larger error and isn't used in high ignition point oil transformer.

变压器厂现在普遍应用的油浸变压器温升工程计算方法不能很好的与实际的温升相符合，有时偏离很大，并且不能应用于高燃点油变压器的温升计算。

The calculation method using in factory has larger error and isnt used in high ignition point oil transformer.

变压器厂现在普遍应用的油浸变压器温升工程计算方法不能很好的与实际的温升相符合，有时偏离很大，并且不能应用于高燃点油变压器的温升计算。

The effective heat-transfer temperature difference of every effect of multi-effect evaporation subsystem and the preheat temperature rise Δt_(p,j of every level of multi-level preheat subsystem of the design model were distributed by equal heating area, equal heat-transfer temperature difference, and free proration methods.

设计型模型对多效蒸发子系统各效有效传热温差Δt_i的分配和多级预热子系统各级预热温升Δt_的分配分别采用等面积法、等温差法、自由配比法等进行分配并采用矩阵法结合迭代法进行设计模拟计算，其中自由配比法巧妙地将具有复杂约束条件的决策变量Δt_i和Δt_转化为取值0～1的中间决策变量τ_i、τ_，为Δt_i和Δt_的自由搜索进而为优化设计提供了一个简便的方法；在常规设计模拟计算的基础上，建立了复杂多效蒸发系统优化设计模型，该模型以系统年总费用最小为优化目标，以生蒸汽温度T_0、冷凝器中二次蒸汽温度T_K、蒸发温差配比系数τ_i和预热温升配比系数τ_为决策变量，采用遗传算法结合矩阵法求解。

During the process of calculating the stable temperature rise of an electromagnet, the power in the cold state can be used as a heat source if electrical resistance changes of the coil from the cold state to the stable state have few effects on the power.

在计算电磁铁的稳态温升时，若线圈电阻从冷态到稳定发热时的变化对发热功率影响不大，可将冷态时的发热功率当作热源进行计算，应用稳态热路法计算线圈的稳态温升。

Ten contamination features are extracted from the contaminated insulator infrared image,viz.the highest , the lowest , the mean temperature of the background, the temperature variance of the background ,the highest ,the lowest ,the mean temperature of the contaminated insulator discal surface , the temperature variance of the insulator discal surface ,the maximum and the mean temperature increase of the discal surface contrasting to the mean temperature of the background .

本文研究从分割后的污秽绝缘子盘面图像中提取了10维原始污秽特征，即：绝缘子红外热像背景的最高温度、最低温度、平均温度、背景温度分布的方差值、盘面图像的最高温度、最低温度、平均温度、盘面温度分布的方差值、盘面温度的最大温升、盘面温度的平均温升。

Some techniques which are used for the measurement of grinding temperatures,such as infrared radiation pyrometers,optical fiber infrared radiation pyrometer, two-color infrared system and infrared imaging system,are summarized,compared and discussed.

磨削过程中，大量无规则离散分布在砂轮表面的磨粒对工件划擦、耕犁和切削综合作用，其所产生的热体现为工件的温升、砂轮与工件接触面的温升、工件已磨削表层的温升、磨粒切削刃温度和切屑温度。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。