渗流的

Furthermore, as stresses in the stress field influence the value of seepage coefficient k, which will results in the change of seepage field in the end, while on the other hand, the seepage field also has an effect on the stress field because of seepage forces. Based on the coupling model of seepage field and stress field, a program by finite element method is developed in this paper. And the comparison of results of the program and criterion method with that of test shows that the test results are reasonable, which can be referred to analyze the causes of dangers, evaluate degree of safety of the body and foundation, and design and optimize the measures of seepage control.

此外，考虑到应力场中的应力会改变土体渗透系数进而影响渗流场、而渗流场也因其产生的渗透力会导致应力场发生变化，两者之间存在耦合作用，本文基于渗流场应力场耦合分析的数学模型编制了渗流计算有限元程序CCOSAS1.0，其计算结果和采用规范方法所获得的解答与实测值的对比分析表明，该规律合理且具有一定的代表性，可用以分析险情发生原因、评价堤身堤基安全状况及设计与优化渗流控制措施。

This article mainly explains the safety principium of infectant factors in waste water vented by the paper making industry in China. Through the study on the experiment in open country and indoors with soil pole, indicating that it is a complicated process of biochemical degradation to form a layer, which has a biochemical capability to process COD degradation in polluted water from paper making industry.

综述我国造纸业污水中的污染因子危及地下水水质安全的机理，通过对野外试验和室内土柱试验的过程及结果进行分析研究，表明在包气带中形成一个以生物化学作用为主的生化层在造纸污水中COD降解是一个复杂的生物化学降解过程；生化层在天然状态下形成，由生物氧化带和生物氧化还原带形成，其形成过程具有明显的阶段性；只有当生物氧化还原带形成后，生化层才发育成熟，具备对COD降解的生化能力；生化层空间分布，仅局限在污水池、渠底部包气带中有垂向渗流的部分。

Mathematic model is studied to describe unstable water injection development for Middle East Paleocene reservoir with characteristics of pressure sensitivity and high difference of formation-saturation pressures.

为了定量研究具有压敏特点的中东地区古新世高地饱压差油藏不稳定注水开发的数学模型，通过静水力学方法和单轴实验的方法，对中东地区古新世岩心渗透率随围压变化的规律进行实验研究；结合黑油模型的假设条件，推导了此类油藏不稳定注水渗流的全新数学模型。

Seepage velocity smoothly change from a steady value to a new steady value, the ratio of the new steady value over the original steady value might increase hundreds of thousand times or even more, but it is always finite.（3）Water-inrush goes with the failure of rock strata, but seepage velocity can not increase unendingly, so seepage flow cant be unstable.

研究表明：由于非Darcy流β因子恒为正值，渗流系统总是稳定的；当渗透特性随时间变化时，渗流速度从一稳定值平滑地过渡到一新的稳定值，新的稳定值与原稳定值之比可以增大到几万至几百万倍，但是总是有限的；突水是岩层结构破裂引起的渗流速度快速或急剧变化，但渗流速度不可能无止境地增大，即渗流不可能失稳。

A simple NACE method has been developed for the assay of Rutaecarpine in Evodia rutaecarpa for the first time. Optimum separation of the analytes was obtained using a nonaqueous buffer system with 40 mmol/L ammonium acetate containing 30% acetonitrile and 10% acetate acid.

考察了影响电泳分离的各因素如缓冲溶液的浓度、用于调节酸碱度的乙酸的添加比例及用于调节电渗流的乙腈的添加比例，最后优化的分离缓冲溶液的组成是40 mmol/L NH4Ac 的甲醇溶液，其中含有30%的乙腈和10%的乙酸。

The model is used to count several engineering example.Comparing the 2D numerical results with electrical simulations,it is proved that the seepage model can count the seepage surface and the location of search results in dam well and truly.Comparing 3D results with 2D results at close section,the results are tally well except the difference of meshes and the interceptive position of section.So the model is credible and has upper practicality value.In the projects,the spending of account is increasing because of the bigger account field.

将饱和—非饱和渗流模型用于几个工程实例，其二维模拟结果同渗流电模拟实验结果进行了对比，证明本文的渗流模型完全能够准确计算坝内的渗流浸润线以及逸出面位置；三维数值模拟的结果在相近剖面处与二维结果作了比较，考虑三维网格剖分及剖面截取位置的差异，三维结果与二维结果吻合的较好，证明本文的饱和—非饱和渗流模型在三维计算中是可靠的且具有较高的实用价值。

At many case of bank foundation, such as the case of upper strongness and lower weakness, strong permeable foundation of dyke, strong permeable foundation of dyke containing low penetrability soft intercalation and the dyke foundation by alternation of low and strong penetrability layer, the appropriate condition of various upright seepage prevention measure (whole cut-off wall, half cut-off wall and hanging cut-off wall) and the optimization of seepage prevention measure are analyzed.

从渗流基本理论出发，以压力水头为基本未知量推导多孔介质三维饱和—非饱和、稳定—非稳定渗流问题的微分方程以及方程的有限元格式；在饱和非饱和渗流场的有限元分析中，不仅考虑了饱和区的水体渗流情况，而且也考虑了非饱和区的水分运动情况，将饱和渗流场与非饱和渗流场统一起来进行研究，整个渗流场采用一个支配方程。

At the super-low permeable reservior sandstone of Fu and Yang in Daqing Oilfield, many pore throats exist a lot in the types of compacted and restored flakes and curved lamellas while the pore volume of micropore and the thin, compacted and shrunken throat that contribute little to flow take large scale in the total pore space. Thereof high filtrational resistance is caused by much trouble including high content of reservoir shale, serious sensibility to pressure at waterflooding, remarkable effects of undersaturation and water blocks in micropore. A method with laboratory experiment, theoretical confirmation and field application included was adopted to analyze the non-linear flow characteristics, to reveal the deep mechanism of pinhole enveloping macropore and to provide a new technology of improving the development effect. The outcomes aquired are as follows: Multiple cores with different low and super-low permeability were selected to perform seepage experiments by gas, water and oil. Three fields of flow were observed in the reservoir at different low and super-low core permeability. They are pseudo- elastic flow, transition flow and plastic creep flow. So the concept that there was no correlation of rocky absolute permeability with fluid properties that pasted itself was broken up. Two-phase seepage of water displacing oil in uniform super-low permeability shows that the two-phase seepage zone is narrow.

针对大庆油田扶、杨特低渗透油层砂岩孔隙喉道的大小和形态以压实再生型片状、弯片状喉道分布较广，压实、缩小型细喉道型，微孔不可流动的孔隙体积所占总孔隙体积的比例较大的特点；及储层泥质含量高，注水开发中压力敏感性强、微孔隙欠饱和及水锁效应显著，导致流体渗流阻力增大的问题，本文采用室内实验、理论推证和矿场应用相结合的方法，研究、分析了流体非线性渗流特征，更深刻地揭示出小孔包围大孔的机理及产生原因，并提供了改善开发效果的新的技术方法，取得如下成果：选择不同渗透率的低渗透、特低渗透岩心，进行了气、水和油单相渗流实验，揭示出当岩心渗透率不同时，油层内的流体呈现出拟弹性流变、过渡流变、塑性蠕变三种流变区，从而打破了岩心的绝对渗透率与通过岩心流体性质无关的观点；同类特低渗透岩心的水驱油两相渗流实验表明，两相渗流区较窄。

In order to illustrate the phenomena occurred in the technological experiments, the infiltration dynamics of liquid aluminum into porous media was simulated in accordance with the laws of similitude. The results show that (1) the relation between the displacement of infiltration front and the advancing time is 〓;(2) the pressure of infiltration changes with time according to 〓;(3) the distribution of pressure in the direction of infiltration length is P=a〓+b〓L.(4) the change of temperature or viscosity of molten aluminum affects infiltration velocity in fillers of diameter in the range of 1. 5～5. 5mm very little, but this velocity in fillers of diameter 0.5mm is reduced with the decrease of AL temperature.

为了说明工艺试验中显示的各种现象，作者根据相似原理，采用模拟试验研究了铝液在多孔介质中的渗流过程，得到铝液渗流动力学规律如下：（1）渗流前沿位移—渗流进行时间关系为〓；（2）渗流压强随渗流时间的变化规律为〓；（3）渗流压强沿渗流长度分布为P=a〓+b〓L；（4）铝液温度降低或粘度加大时，对大于1.5mm的颗粒之间的渗流速度影响不大，但使0.5mm颗粒之间渗流速度减小。

In this way, the simulation of actualseepage fields in complicated site and construction conditions were made in order tohave a deep view of the general rules of seepages in earth dam, and illuminate laws ofmain physical quantities.

通过土坝渗流场的三维非稳定分析，以期达到对土坝渗流场实际复杂情况的模拟，比较理想地反映不同时段的土坝渗流场中等势线、流速矢量、无压渗流场自由面以及流量等渗流要素在不同条件下的变化规律，从而在一定程度上弥补过去对土坝渗流场研究的不足。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。