液泡膜

In accordance with increasing concentrations of Ca~(2+), Ca~(2+)-ATPase and H~+-ATPase activity in plasma membrane and tonoplast of cucumber root were increased significantly at first, then decreased slightly later; H~+-ATPase activity in plasma membrane and tonoplast of cucumber leaf was changed unremarkably; Ca~(2+)-ATPase activity in plasma membrane and tonoplast of cucumber leaf was increased significantly at first, then decreased slightly later.

低温下，随Ca~(2+)浓度的升高根中质膜和液泡膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和H~+-ATP酶活性及叶片中质膜和液泡膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性先升高后下降，叶片中质膜和液泡膜H~+-ATP酶活性无显著变化，说明适当增加营养液中Ca~(2+)浓度后，可提高ATP酶的活性减轻低温伤害。

Under normal temperature.the Ca2+-ATPase activity was found on the innerside of the PM.on the vacuole envelope and the chloroplast envelope,and theenzyme activity declined upon heat stress.The Ca2+-ATPase activity on the vacuoleenvelope,PM.and the chloroplast envelope in both Ca2+-and oxalate-treated peppermesophyll cells was higher than that in the control under the same condition.TheCa2+-ATPase was also found at the granum lamella,and it was activatedsignificantly by exogenous Ca2+ and oxalate treatments.Under heat stress.the Ca2+-ATPase activity declined slowly in both Ca2+- and oxalate-treated mesophyll cells.But La3+ treatment inhibited the enzyme activity under both normal condition andheat stress.

常温下生长的叶肉细胞，在质膜、液泡膜、叶绿体被膜等处有Ca2+-ATPase活性，热胁迫后酶活性下降；外源Ca2+和草酸预处理对辣椒叶肉细胞各种膜上Ca2+-ATPase活性具有促进作用，特别是定位于液泡膜、质膜和叶绿体被膜上的酶活性明显比对照提高；在叶绿体基粒和基质片层上也有酶活性，并且Ca2+和草酸预处理对该部位上的酶活性激活作用更明显；La3+处理的作用与Ca2+和草酸处理的效果相反。

Chapter 2: The functional analysis of LsNHXs genes from Limonium sinenseThe tonoplast Na+/H+ antiportor, very usefull for plant stress tolerance, can use the H+ gradient as driving force built by tonoplat H+-ATPase and H+-PPase to sequestrate Na+ into the vacuole to eliminate Na+ toxic effect, also it is related to PH regulation, vesicle transport, vacuolar development, and protein sorting.

第二章中华补血草LsNHXs基因的功能研究液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白与植物耐逆密切相关，它利用液泡膜H+-ATPase及H+-PPase泵H+产生的驱动力把Na+区隔化入液泡中以消除Na+的毒害，除此之外，液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白还与PH调节、囊泡运输、液泡的发育以及蛋白质分选有关。

Tonoplast The membrane that surrounds the large central vacuole of plant cells.

液泡膜：植物细胞中包围中央大液泡的膜。

Ca2+ increased remarkably in cytoplasm and inner lateral of vacuole membrane.

飞行幼苗的根尖细胞，液泡中Ca2＋很少，并向液泡膜集结，液泡膜内侧和细胞质中的Ca2＋明显增多。

Grew on the normal temperature, it was shown that the deposits of calcium antimonate being the indicator for Ca(superscript 2+) localization mainly concentrated within the vacuoles and intercellular spaces and there was also some Ca(superscript 2+) deposits in cell walls. But when Garyota urens L. was treated by the temperature of 2℃ for 48 h, the level of Ca(superscript 2+) increased in cytoplasm and plasma membrane, but decreased in vacuoles and intercellular spaces considerably. At the same time, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts suffered from chilling: the membrane of chloroplasts had been damaged, the layer of thylakoids was exiguous and unclear, the photosynthetic rate decreased evidently. And when Garyota urens L. was treated by the temperature of 2℃ for 120 h, the deposits of Ca(superscript 2+) mainly concentrated within the cytoplasm, nucleus and plasma membrane and there was also some Ca(superscript 2+) deposits in vacuoles, and the ultrastructure of some cells was simultaneously damaged severely: Chloroplasts structure, vacuole membrane and nuclear membrane had been damaged fully, the structure within the cell had become unclear, and the cell only have respiration.

研究结果表明，未经低温处理的董棕幼苗叶肉细胞，焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液泡和细胞间隙中，细胞壁中也可见少量沉淀，而细胞基质中则看不到焦锑酸钙沉淀；经2℃ 48 h低温处理后，细胞基质和细胞膜上焦锑酸钙沉淀增加，而液泡和细胞间隙中的焦锑酸钙沉淀则显著减少，并且超微结构已初步显示出寒害的特徵，叶绿体外膜部分破损，类囊体片层稀疏且排列不规则，光合速率明显下降等；经2℃ 120 h低温处理后，细胞间隙内的焦锑酸钙沉淀极少，有的也紧贴在细胞外壁上，而细胞基质和细胞膜上则分布有非常多的焦锑酸钙沉淀，在核基质和液泡中也可见到少量的焦锑酸钙沉淀，并且超微结构遭到了显著破坏，叶绿体结构完全被破坏，核膜与液泡膜严重破损，内部结构模糊，细胞只表现为呼吸作用，不进行光合作用。

Calcium deposits were localized on the vacuolar membrane and in the nucleus of nucellar cells at the early degenerative stage, then they were also observed on the plasma membrane including vacuolar membrane and nuclear envelope at the middegenerative stage.

初始衰退的珠心细胞，Ca〓主要分布于液泡膜上和核内；在衰退中期的珠心细胞中，Ca〓主要分布在核膜、液泡膜及质膜上；在严重衰退的珠心细胞，Ca〓仅存在于液泡中。

Using tamato seedlings as experimental material, we examined the adaptive changes of the proton translocating pumps and protein components in vacuolar membranes of plant during phosphate starvation.

本项目以番茄为材料，对磷饥饿时植物液泡膜质子ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性以及液泡膜蛋白组分的适应性变化进行研究，以探明磷饥饿时植物液泡膜质子泵活性的变化与Pi跨液泡膜运转的关系，并了解磷饥饿时植物液泡膜是否产生有特异性诱导蛋白及其可能的功能。

Through differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation,tono plast vesicles were isolated from suspension-cultured Populus euphratica cells broken by mortar and pestIe,blender or ultrasonic homogenizer.The sensitivities of H+-ATPase to NO-3,VO3-4 andNaN3,as well proton pnmping activities of membrane-bound pyrophosphatases demonstrated that tonoplast vesicles mainly distributed on the interface of 0％～25％of sucrose.

为进一步研究液泡膜及H+-ATP酶在胡杨抵御盐胁迫中所起的作用，比较了研磨、捣碎和超声破碎三种细胞破碎方法，从悬浮培养的胡杨细胞中制备液泡膜微囊的效果；并用差速离心和不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化了胡杨液泡膜微囊。

Western blot analysis with the antiserum ATP95 revealed a significant increase of protein amounts of the V-H〓-ATPase subunits B and c of S. slasa under 100 and 400 mmol/L NaCl treatment, which gave another evidence for a salt-induced coordinate up-regulation of V-H〓-ATPase subunits at transcription and translation levels. The coordinated salt-induced increase of subunit B, H and c of V-H〓-ATPase from S. salsa at transcription and translation levels indicated an increase of V-H〓-ATPase holoenzyme amounts, which might be the reason for the increase of V-H〓-ATPase activity of S. salsa under salt stress.

400 mmol／L NaCl处理盐地碱蓬植株分离其叶片液泡膜微囊进行Western-blot分析发现盐胁迫明显诱导了盐地碱蓬液泡膜H〓-ATPase B、c亚基蛋白的表达，证明盐胁迫下，盐地碱蓬液泡膜H〓-ATPase各亚基在转录、翻译水平存在协同表达。100、400mmol／L NaCl处理亦明显增加了盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜微囊H〓-ATPase活性，表明盐胁迫下，盐地碱蓬液泡膜H〓-ATPase各亚基在转录、翻译水平的协同表达增加了H〓-ATPase全酶的数量，进而增大了H〓-ATPase的活性。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。