液泡化

The lower the extents of cell differentiation of the callus were, the lower aloin contents were.

细胞分化程度很低的愈伤细胞中芦荟素含量很低。细胞高度液泡化、分化程度高的愈伤组织中芦荟素含量较高。

These events included the migration of microspores and vegetative nucleus and a polar pollen engorgement process.

在小孢子液泡化后期，小孢子核和细胞质远离小孢子萌发孔和绒毡层呈极性分布。

Cells of the procambium and ground meristem are more vacuolated than those of the protoderm.

原形成层和基本分生组织的细胞比原表皮层细胞更加液泡化。

The observation showed that sterile plants and fertile plants in the pollen mother cell stage is not very different, when microspore mother cells of male sterile plants enter meiosis period, it could form normal tetrad cell , tetrad cell is normal in early development stage, In the uninucleate microspore stage , tapetal cells were vacuolization, the microspores were extruded to the middle by tapetal cells.

本研究利用石蜡切片法，结合光学显微镜技术对樱桃萝卜核质互作雄性不育系的不育株和对应保持系可育株的花药发育过程进行细胞形态学观察，观察结果表明：不育株与可育株在花粉母细胞时期差别不大，不育株的花药小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂期后，可以正常的形成四分体，四分体前期发育正常，而在单核小孢子期绒毡层细胞出现液泡化，绒毡层细胞向中间挤压小孢子。

The early developmental process of mucilage cells is the same as that of oil cells,but at the latter stage of vacuolation,mucilage substance was produced in the cytoplasm near the big central vacuole,and diffused into the central vacuole.

粘液细胞的早期发育过程与油细胞的相同，而在细胞液泡化的后期，靠近大液泡的细胞质中产生粘液物质，并扩散到大液泡中。

During the PCD, the nucellar cells degraded their celluar components through an orderly progression.

在液泡化过程中，细胞质基质和一些细胞器被液泡所吞噬。

No tapetal cells were formed or tapetam collapsed at very early stage in some anther chamber during the microsporogenesis; Pollen mother cells in another chamber were not developed and microspore vacuolized; Tapetum cells developed abnormally, giantized and crammed the anther chamber; Some tapetum cells developed normally, but PMCs developed abnomally, which deformed at sporogeneous stage, and then were abhensive each other and finally degenerated. Nearly no PMCs could complete the process of meiosis, and form the tetrad, leading to the failure of normal microspore development.

药室的绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体；药室内的花粉母细胞不发育或小孢子液泡化；绒毡层细胞发育异常，出现巨型化而挤满整个药室；绒毡层细胞虽发育正常，但花粉母细胞发育异常，在造孢细胞时期即开始出现变形现象，随后发生粘连退化；绝大部分花粉母细胞不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体，导致小孢子退化。

Paraffin slides observation found that the microspore of the RNMS line failed to vacuolate after its morphogenesis, disassembled and disappeared at last. After microspore morphogenesis, the breaking down of tapetum cells was delayed until microspore breading down.

石蜡切片细胞学观察，发现该隐性核不育能形成正常的四分体孢子，四分体释放出小孢子后，在单核花粉进入液泡化时小孢子的发育异常，不进行正常的液泡化，逐渐开始解体和消失；相应的绒毡层在小孢子形成后的降解延迟，绒毡层细胞的体积略有增大，在小孢子降解快结束时也很快解体。

The situation of abnormal development of male cells is as follows:microspore mother cell can't enter into meiosis because of intense vacuolation,shrink and disintegration of its cytoplasm;although vacuolated microspore mother cell can enter into meiosis,it can't form normal dyad and degenerate in the middle process;dyad and tetrad become vacuolated and can't develop normally;cytoplasm of microspore shrinks around the nucleus at the stage of central nucleus microspore,the shape of microspore is twisted into crescent or irregular shape,at last its cytoplasm and nucleus are disintegrated and crescent vacant microspore presents;nutritive substances can't be accumulated at the stage of vacuolated microspore,cytoplasm is disintegrated,and microspore turns into a big vacant pollen.

雄性细胞异常发育有几种情况：小孢子母细胞强烈液泡化，细胞质收缩解体，不能进入减数分裂；小孢子母细胞液泡化，虽能进入减数分裂，但不能形成正常二分体而中途退化；二分体、四分体细胞液泡化，不能进行正常发育；单核小孢子中央期，细胞质收缩包围核，小孢子形状扭曲呈月牙形或不规则形，最终细胞质和核解体而呈月牙形的空壳小孢子；单核液泡期的小孢子不能积聚营养物质，细胞质解体而成为大的空壳花粉粒。

It is showed that MG132 significantly reduced the germination rate and tube growth. Furthermore, MG132 treatment lead to vacuolization occurred both in tube cytoplasm and generative cell. While DMSO and non-proteasome inhibitor E-64 do not have similar effects. FTIR analysis revealed that MG132 treatment markedly reduced the contents of wall-bound proteins and pectin at the apex of tube.

结果表明：MG132显著抑制青扦花粉萌发和花粉管生长，并导致花粉管形态异常，主要表现为花粉管亚顶端出现液泡化，并且液泡随着培养时间的延长而扩大到整个花粉管，花粉管濒临死亡；而DMSO以及非蛋白酶体抑制剂E-64不产生类似结果；半薄切片结果表明，MG132处理后不仅花粉管细胞质发生液泡化，生殖细胞也发生液泡化；FTIR分析进一步表明，MG132处理后，花粉管顶端的细胞壁蛋白和果胶质含量大幅度下降。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。