液泡

We have constructed a bivalence expression vector with SsNHX1 and AVP1 and transformed them into Arabidopsis. The results showed that the transgenic Arabidopsis plants 101 and 127 grew much better than wild type plants in the medium containing 100 and 200 mmol/L NaCl, which further indicated the important roles of Na〓 compartmentalization in vacuoles on plant salt tolerance.

2构建了同时含有液泡膜Na〓/H〓 antiporter与H〓-PPase基因的双元植物表达载体并转入拟南芥，筛选到在100和200mMol/LNaCl胁迫环境下生长发育均明显好于野生型的转基因拟南芥植株101和127，进一步验证了液泡Na〓区隔化在植物耐盐方面的重要作用。

In accordance with increasing concentrations of Ca~(2+), Ca~(2+)-ATPase and H~+-ATPase activity in plasma membrane and tonoplast of cucumber root were increased significantly at first, then decreased slightly later; H~+-ATPase activity in plasma membrane and tonoplast of cucumber leaf was changed unremarkably; Ca~(2+)-ATPase activity in plasma membrane and tonoplast of cucumber leaf was increased significantly at first, then decreased slightly later.

低温下，随Ca~(2+)浓度的升高根中质膜和液泡膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶和H~+-ATP酶活性及叶片中质膜和液泡膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性先升高后下降，叶片中质膜和液泡膜H~+-ATP酶活性无显著变化，说明适当增加营养液中Ca~(2+)浓度后，可提高ATP酶的活性减轻低温伤害。

Under normal temperature.the Ca2+-ATPase activity was found on the innerside of the PM.on the vacuole envelope and the chloroplast envelope,and theenzyme activity declined upon heat stress.The Ca2+-ATPase activity on the vacuoleenvelope,PM.and the chloroplast envelope in both Ca2+-and oxalate-treated peppermesophyll cells was higher than that in the control under the same condition.TheCa2+-ATPase was also found at the granum lamella,and it was activatedsignificantly by exogenous Ca2+ and oxalate treatments.Under heat stress.the Ca2+-ATPase activity declined slowly in both Ca2+- and oxalate-treated mesophyll cells.But La3+ treatment inhibited the enzyme activity under both normal condition andheat stress.

常温下生长的叶肉细胞，在质膜、液泡膜、叶绿体被膜等处有Ca2+-ATPase活性，热胁迫后酶活性下降；外源Ca2+和草酸预处理对辣椒叶肉细胞各种膜上Ca2+-ATPase活性具有促进作用，特别是定位于液泡膜、质膜和叶绿体被膜上的酶活性明显比对照提高；在叶绿体基粒和基质片层上也有酶活性，并且Ca2+和草酸预处理对该部位上的酶活性激活作用更明显；La3+处理的作用与Ca2+和草酸处理的效果相反。

Tonoplast The membrane that surrounds the large central vacuole of plant cells.

液泡膜：植物细胞中包围中央大液泡的膜。

The stimulations of wheat tonoplast H +\|ATPase by both Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ were measured on the base of purification of the enzyme.

纯化小麦液泡膜H+-ATPase，测定了纯化的小麦液泡膜H+-ATPase 受Mg2+和Ca2+双重激活的特性及两种激活状态下酶的特性。

Alt stress increased Ca~(2+)-ATPase activity in tonoplast, while there were no difference between SA foliar and not.

A处理提高了盐胁迫下番茄液泡膜H~+-ATPase和H~+-PPase活性，对液泡膜Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性没有明显影响。

The early developmental process of mucilage cells is the same as that of oil cells,but at the latter stage of vacuolation,mucilage substance was produced in the cytoplasm near the big central vacuole,and diffused into the central vacuole.

粘液细胞的早期发育过程与油细胞的相同，而在细胞液泡化的后期，靠近大液泡的细胞质中产生粘液物质，并扩散到大液泡中。

Ca2+ increased remarkably in cytoplasm and inner lateral of vacuole membrane.

飞行幼苗的根尖细胞，液泡中Ca2＋很少，并向液泡膜集结，液泡膜内侧和细胞质中的Ca2＋明显增多。

Calcium deposits were localized on the vacuolar membrane and in the nucleus of nucellar cells at the early degenerative stage, then they were also observed on the plasma membrane including vacuolar membrane and nuclear envelope at the middegenerative stage.

初始衰退的珠心细胞，Ca〓主要分布于液泡膜上和核内；在衰退中期的珠心细胞中，Ca〓主要分布在核膜、液泡膜及质膜上；在严重衰退的珠心细胞，Ca〓仅存在于液泡中。

Through differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation,tono plast vesicles were isolated from suspension-cultured Populus euphratica cells broken by mortar and pestIe,blender or ultrasonic homogenizer.The sensitivities of H+-ATPase to NO-3,VO3-4 andNaN3,as well proton pnmping activities of membrane-bound pyrophosphatases demonstrated that tonoplast vesicles mainly distributed on the interface of 0％～25％of sucrose.

为进一步研究液泡膜及H+-ATP酶在胡杨抵御盐胁迫中所起的作用，比较了研磨、捣碎和超声破碎三种细胞破碎方法，从悬浮培养的胡杨细胞中制备液泡膜微囊的效果；并用差速离心和不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化了胡杨液泡膜微囊。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。